Introduction The worldwide prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy was recently estimated to be 34.6%. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in developed nations has been thoroughly investigated, and risk factors are well understood. However, there is a shortage of information in the study areas about the prevalence and contributing factors of diabetic retinopathy among type two diabetes patients. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and associated factor among type 2 diabetic patients who were on follow up services at northwest Amhara comprehensive specialized hospitals diabetic care units. Method An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted at northwest Amhara comprehensive specialized hospitals from October 15 to November 15, 2021, among 496 diabetes patients. Systematic random sampling technique was used. Data were collected by utilizing a semi-structured questionnaire and a direct Topcon retinal camera inspection. Then data were coded, entered, and exported to SPSS version 23 from EPI-Data version 4.6. All variables with P-value < 0.25 in the binary logistic regression analyses were included in the multivariable regression analysis. The degree of association was interpreted by using the adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals, and the significance level was declared at P-value < 0.05. The Hosmer–Lemeshow test was used to check the fitness of the model. Result The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among type two diabetes patients was 36.3%. Sex [AOR = 3.25, 95% CI (1.80, 6.68)], visiting health institution [AOR = 0.027, 95% CI (0.003, 0.253)], educational level [AOR = 4.23, 95% CI (1.09, 16.47)], glycemic control [AOR = 0.099, 95% CI (0.02, 0.49)], hypertension status (AOR = 2.56, 95% CI (1.01, 6.45)] were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion In this study less than half of diabetic patients had diabetic retinopathy. Sex, visiting health institution, educational level, glycemic control, and hypertension status were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy.

Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is the source of about 20% of episodes of health-care acquired infections in acute care facilities and it is over 50% in long-term care facilities. To date, knowledge and practice of nurses towards catheter-associated urinary tract infection is still lower. However, in Ethiopia, there is no published scientific research describing the knowledge and practice of nurses on catheter-associated urinary tract infections prevention. Therefore, this study aimed to assess knowledge, practice and associated factors of catheter-associated urinary tract infection prevention among nurses working at university of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, northwest Ethiopia, 2021Methods: Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral HospitalfromApril 01 to May01, 2021 among 423nurses. Simple random sampling technique was used. Data were collected by using self-administered questionnaire then coded and entered into EPI- Data version 4.6 and then exported to SPSS version 23. All variables with P-value <0.25 in the binarylogistic regression analyses were included in the multivariable regression analysis. The degree of association was interpreted by using the adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals, and the significance level was declared at P-value <0.05. The Hosmer–Lemeshow test was used to check the fitness of the model.Results: The knowledge and practice of nurses towards CAUTI prevention was 53% and 50% respectively. Good knowledge was associated with sex [AOR=1.84, 95% CI (1.09, 3.11)], work experience [AOR=2.36, 95% CI (1.09, 5.10)], working unit [AOR=6.9, 95% CI (2.11, 22.52)], received training [AOR=2.33, 95% CI (1.17, 4.65)] and had guideline [AOR=2.78, 95% CI (1.59, 4.88)]. Good practice was significantly associated with sex, work experience, good attitude and good knowledge towards CAUTI prevention [AOR=2.19, 95% CI (1.23, 3.88)], [AOR= 5.44, 95% CI (1.66, 17.84)], [AOR=3.06, 95% CI (1.65, 5.67)], and [AOR=5.28, 95% CI (2.86, 9.76)] respectively.Conclusions:Inthis study nearly half of nurses had good knowledge and practice towards CAUTI prevention. Sex, work experience, work unit, presence of guideline, and training were significantly associated with knowledge; while sex, work experience, good attitude and, knowledge were significantly associated with practice of nurses towards CAUTI prevention.

Background Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is the source of about 20% of episodes of health-care acquired infections in acute care facilities and it is over 50% in long-term care facilities. In Ethiopia, there is no published scientific research regarding knowledge and practice of nurses on catheter-associated urinary tract infections prevention. Therefore, this study aimed to assess knowledge, practice and associated factors of CAUTI prevention among nurses working at university of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, northwest Ethiopia, 2021. Methods Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital from April 01 to May 01, 2021 among 423 nurses. Simple random sampling technique was used. Data were collected by using self-administered questionnaire then coded and entered into EPI- Data version 4.6 and then exported to SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics was computed, and the result was summarized by texts, tables, and charts. All variables with P-value < 0.25 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariable regression analysis. The degree of association was interpreted by using the adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals. Results Good knowledge and practice of nurses towards CAUTI prevention was 37.7% and 51.8% respectively. Good knowledge was associated with sex [AOR = 1.84, 95% CI (1.09, 3.11)], work experience [AOR = 2.36, 95% CI (1.09, 5.10)], working unit [AOR = 6.9, 95% CI (2.11, 22.52)], training [AOR = 2.33, 95% CI (1.17, 4.65)] and had guideline [AOR = 2.78, 95% CI (1.59, 4.88)]. Good practice was associated with sex, work experience, attitude and knowledge towards CAUTI prevention [AOR = 2.19, 95% CI (1.23, 3.88)], [AOR = 5.44, 95% CI (1.66, 17.84)], [AOR = 3.06, 95% CI (1.65, 5.67)], and [AOR = 5.28, 95% CI (2.86, 9.76)] respectively. Conclusions Nearly one-third of nurses had good knowledge and more than half of nurses had good practice towards CAUTI prevention. Sex, work experience, work unit, presence of guideline, and training were significantly associated with knowledge. Sex, work experience, good attitude and, knowledge were associated with practice of nurses towards CAUTI prevention. The knowledge and practice towards catheter associated urinary tract infection prevention among nurses should be increased, so that the patients could enjoy and maintain the healthy lifestyle.

Background Optimal access to ANC, such as the first ANC visit at first trimester, four or more ANC visits, and skilled health care provider can significantly reduce maternal mortality in an inclusive way. Previous studies conducted in Ethiopia on optimal ANC are restricted to frequencies of ANC visit. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of optimal ANC access as a comprehensive way and its predictors among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Methods Secondary data source from a recent demographic and health survey was used for analysis. This study includes a weighted sample of 4771 pregnant women. A multilevel mixed-effect binary logistic regression analyses was done to identify both the individual and community level factors. Odds ratio along with the 95% confidence interval was generated to identify the predictors of optimal access to ANC. A p-value less than 0.05 was declared as statistical significant. Results In Ethiopia, one in five (20%) pregnant women had optimal access to antenatal care. Regarding the factors at individual level, pregnant women aged 25–34 years [aOR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.23–2.03] and 35–49 years [aOR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.43–2.89], those who had educated primary [aOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.33–2.09], secondary and higher [aOR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.15–2.85], Primipara [aOR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.68–3.59] and multipara [aOR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.11–1.98] had higher odds of accessing optimal ANC. With the community level factors, the odds of optimal access to ANC was higher among pregnant women who lived in urban area [aOR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.33–3.27], whereas, lower odds of optimal ANC access among those pregnant women who reported distance to the health facility as a big problem [aOR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.63–0.96]. Conclusion and recommendation The study concludes that in Ethiopia, optimal access to ANC was low. The study identified that both individual and community level factors were predictors for optimal ANC access. Therefore, the Ethiopian government should intensify extensive education on ANC in a comprehensive way. Moreover, especial attention from the Ethiopian ministry of health for those women who reported distance as a big problem and for rural resident women is mandatory.

BackgroundEarly neonatal death accounts for a significant number of under-5 mortality worldwide. However, the problem is under-researched and under-reported in low-income and middle-income countries, particularly in Ethiopia. The magnitude of mortality during the early neonatal period and associated factors should be studied for designing appropriate policies, and strategies that could help tackle the problem. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and identify factors associated with early neonatal mortality in Ethiopia.MethodsThis study was conducted by using data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016. A total of 10 525 live births were enrolled in the study. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify determinants of early neonatal mortality. Adjusted OR (AOR) at a 95% CI was computed to assess the strength and significance of the association between outcome and explanatory variables. Factors with a p<0.05 were declared statistically significant.ResultsThe national prevalence of early neonatal mortality in Ethiopia was 41.8 (95% CI 38.1 to 45.8) early neonatal deaths per 1000 live births. The extreme ages of pregnancy (under 20 years (AOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.5) and above 35 years (AOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.5 to 4)), home delivery (AOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.3 to 4.3), low birth weight (AOR 3.3, 95% CI 1.4 to 8.2) and multiple pregnancies (AOR 5.3, 95% CI 4.1 to 9.9) were significantly associated early neonatal mortality.ConclusionsThis study revealed a higher prevalence of early neonatal mortality as compared with prevalence in other low-income and middle-income countries. Thus, it is determined to be essential to design maternal and child health policies and initiatives with a priority on the prevention of early neonatal deaths. Emphasis should be given to babies born to mothers at extreme ages of pregnancy, to those born of multiple pregnancies delivered at home and to low birthweight babies.