We assessed whether transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a fibrogenic growth factor, may be involved in remodeling of asthma and chronic bronchitis; its expression was compared with that of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in bronchial mucosal biopsies from 13 normal subjects, 24 asthmatics, and 19 patients with chronic bronchitis. TGF-beta immunoreactivity was highly increased in epithelium and submucosa of those with bronchitis and to a lesser extent in asthmatics. By comparison, with normal subjects, EGF immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the epithelium of bronchitic subjects and submucosa of asthmatics, and, GM-CSF immunoreactivity was increased in both epithelial and submucosal cells of asthmatics and to a lesser extent in submucosa of bronchitics. A significant correlation was found between the number of epithelial or submucosal cells expressing TGF-beta in both asthma and chronic bronchitis and basement membrane thickness and fibroblast number. No such correlation was found for EGF or GM-CSF. in situ hybridization for TGF-beta 1 mRNA confirmed the results obtained by immunohistochemistry. By combining in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, it was found that eosinophils and fibroblasts were synthetizing TGF-beta in asthma and bronchitis. These data suggest that TGF-beta, but not EGF or GM-CSF, is involved in airways remodeling in asthma and chronic bronchitis.

OBJECTIVE -To report the cardiac events in type 2 diabetic outpatients screened for unknown asymptomatic coronary heart disease (CHD) and followed for 5 years.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -During 1993, 925 subjects aged 40 -65 years underwent an exercise treadmill test (ETT). If it was abnormal, the subjects then underwent an exercise scintigraphy. Of the 925 subjects, 735 were followed for 5 years and cardiac events were recorded.RESULTS -At the entry of the study, 638 of the 735 followed subjects had normal ETT, 45 had abnormal ETT with normal scintigraphy, and 52 had abnormal ETT and abnormal scintigraphy. The 52 subjects with abnormal scintigraphy and ETT underwent a cardiological and diabetological follow-up; the subjects with just abnormal ETT had a diabetological follow-up only. During the follow-ups, 42 cardiac events occurred: 1 fatal myocardial infarction (MI), 20 nonfatal MIs, and 10 cases of angina in the 638 subjects with normal ETT; 1 fatal MI in the 45 subjects with normal scintigraphy; and 1 fatal MI and 9 cases of angina in the 52 subjects with abnormal scintigraphy. In these 52 subjects all cardiac events were significantly more frequent ( 2 ϭ 21.40, P Ͻ 0.0001) but the ratio of major (cardiac death and MI) to minor (angina) cardiac events was significantly lower (P ϭ 0.002). Scintigraphy abnormality (hazard ratio 5.47; P Ͻ 0.001; 95% CI 2.43-12.29), diabetes duration (1.06; P ϭ 0.021; 1.008 -1.106), and diabetic retinopathy (2.371; P ϭ 0.036; 1.059 -5.307) were independent predictors of cardiac events on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS -The low ratio of major to minor cardiac events in the positive scintigraphy group may suggest, although it does not prove, that the screening program followed by appropriate management was effective for the reduction of risk of major cardiac events.

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The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic required a thorough re-organization of every sector of the healthcare system. Sleep laboratories need to renew protocols in order to guarantee the safety of patients and healthcare staff while providing exams. Polysomnography (PSG) examinations are essential for the diagnosis and treatment management of several sleep disorders, which may constitute a public or personal safety issue such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Here we provide some practical advice on how to perform sleep studies after the COVID-19 outbreak based on our experience, the review of the existing literature and current national and international recommendations by Health Authorities. We believe that with appropriate precautions it is possible to guarantee a safe restart of PSG and other sleep studies.

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Honeycombing is a dynamic process in which the overall trend is represented by a dimensional increase in cystic pattern; however, single cysts may have a different evolution (enlargement, reduction or complications). This behaviour could be explained by the variety of the pathogenetic processes underlying honeycombing, with cysts that may present abnormal communication with the airway, including the development of a check-valve mechanism.

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