Exogenous administration of L-arginine does not induce hemodynamic effects in normal animals, exacerbates the acute vasoconstriction associated with the intravenous infusion of E. coli and potentiates the sepsis-induced vasodilation. Our results suggest that a) nitric oxide production is not constitutively modulated by exogenous L-arginine, b) L-arginine probably enhances the sepsis-induced sympathetic discharge, and c) L-arginine becomes rate-limiting for the formation of nitric oxide at approximately 3 hrs after the initiation of the septic challenge.
RESUMENLa educación está sufriendo en la actualidad el embate de una serie de políticas que promueven inequívocamente la incorporación de mecanismos mercantiles a un mayor número de ámbitos del sistema educativo a los mecanismos de mercado.Esta tendencia se ha visto reforzada desde la Economía por dos factores fundamentales que son tratados en este articulo. En primer lugar, por el discurso emanado desde la economía de la educación a lo largo de su evolución como disciplina; un discurso que no ha tenido reparos en desnudar a la educación de su condición de derecho de ciudadanía y mecanismo esencial de socialización para tratarla meramente como una mercancía y, con ello, facilitar la posibilidad de su regulación a través del mercado. Y, en segundo lugar, por las políticas neoliberales de respuesta a la crisis económica de los setenta y por el posterior entorno impuesto por la globalización y sus condicionantes sobre las economías nacionales. ABSTRACTEducation is under pressure today from policies vi'hose aim is to turn it from an universal right into a market commodity. These also try to make some educational fields to comply with market procedures.
Achieving gender equality remains a significant challenge, that has only deepened with the on-set of the COVID-19 pandemic. Gender budgeting (GB) can help promote gender equality by applying a gender perspective to fiscal policies and the budget process. This paper takes stock of GB practices in G20 countries and benchmarks country performance using a GB index and data gathered from an IMF survey. All G20 countries have enacted gender focused fiscal policies but the public financial management (PFM) tools to operationalize these policies are far less established. We find that notwithstanding heterogeneity across countries, the average G20 level of GB practice is relatively low. More progress has been made establishing GB frameworks and budget preparation tools than with budget execution, monitoring and auditing. Too few countries assess the upfront impact of policies on gender and/or evaluate ex-post the effectiveness of policies and programs. Where GB features are in place, they tend to operate as an 'add-on', rather than a strategic and integral part of resource allocation decisions. Progress with GB does not appear to be dependent on the level of country development. Key to future efforts will be harnessing opportunities for integrating GB tools into existing PFM systems and more closely linking GB initiatives with PFM reforms.
Ensuring that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are efficient and managed prudently is important for economic and social reasons. It is also crucial to contain fiscal risks and reduce the burden on taxpayers from recurrent and large bailouts. Governments need to develop stronger capacity to monitor and mitigate the risks from SOEs. We present a risk tool to benchmark the performance of SOEs relative to their peers and assess their vulnerabilities, including through stress tests. A strategy to mitigate risks requires the right incentives for managers to perform and for government agencies to conduct effective oversight. Incorporating SOEs in overall fiscal targets would promote greater fiscal discipline and transparency.
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