Swine production generates every day a large amount of residues, including nutrients and microorganisms, which potentially contribute to contamination of air, water and soil, and generation of unpleasant odors. Many strategies have been developed in order to mitigate the contaminant effect of swine manure and to take advantage of its nutrients and beneficial compounds; silage is an example of these, and consists in swine manure fermentation mainly under anaerobic conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of applying a process of silage to swine manure added with two different sources of carbohydrates and two different sources of lactic-acid bacteria, under the reduction of different microbiological indicators. Through the process, it was observed the reduction of pH levels (until reaching 4.6) and microbial content, mainly for coliforms (reduction greater than 5 log), molds and yeasts, and total elimination of enterococci. On the other hand, significant decline was not reported for the lactic-acid bacteria content, main responsible of fermentation process. Best results were observed through using sorghum as a source of carbohydrates and cheese whey as a source of lactic-acid bacteria, for both, decrease of pH and reduction of some microbiological indicators, including bacteria that produce sulfuric acid. Therefore, silage process, applied to swine manure, induces the decrease of pH for action of lactic-acid bacteria until limit the survival of bacteria associated with fecal contamination, making of swine a transformed and microbiologically safe residue for its handling and subsequent use.
La optimización del manejo y utilización de las excretas, se debe a que las especies animales no aprovechan el 100% de los nutrientes consumidos del alimento, siendo la excreta una fuente potencial de éstos. La cantidad y calidad de la excreta depende de factores como el alimento, especie animal, etapa productiva, estado de salud y tipo de instalaciones. Los modelos integrados para manejo de residuos pecuarios, deben considerar la revalorización de éstos como materia prima, con objeto de desarrollar tecnologías que habiliten la recuperación de nutrientes. El ensilaje de cerdaza, la composta, vermicomposta y los sistemas de digestión anaerobia forman parte de estos esquemas. Por otro lado, la importancia de la bio-remediación radica en la utilización del potencial metabólico de los microorganismos para transformar los contaminantes orgánicos, pudiéndose utilizar para limpiar espacios o aguas contaminadas. La estrategia de adopción tecnológica se diseña y se inicia a través de establecer las características del material a tratar, su acondicionamiento y las condiciones de operación del proceso, para seleccionar los criterios y métodos para su escalamiento en cualquier sistema de producción.
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