Numerous studies have analyzed the factors that determine food security and explored the problem from regional or national points of view. However, there has been less research targeting an understanding of the food security problem at the household level in specific rural locations like indigenous communities. Indigenous groups are recognized as priority groups in Mexico, because they live in a situation of poverty. For this reason, the objective of this research was to investigate the determinants of food insecurity among the indigenous communities of the Sierra Tarahumara in Mexico. We used the Latin American and Caribbean Household Food Security Measurement Scale (ELCSA). This scale is useful for measuring food insecurity levels in households. A questionnaire was administered to 123 households. We employed the method based on Cronbach's alpha to measure internal consistency, which was 0.96. In addition, we estimated the main determinants of household food insecurity using both ordered logit model and binomial logit model. We found that approximately 59.35% of households were living in a situation of severe food insecurity. The two predictive models applied suggest that: i) income is the most important determinant of access to food; ii) increased maize production improves food security; iii) farmers consume their seed stocks in times of food scarcity, and iv) households are food insecure when the householders are in casual employment. Akaike's information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion suggest that the goodness of fit to the data was better for the ordered logit model.
The evidence available about the external effects of functioning water markets is ambiguous. While some authors have shown that water exchanges diminishes the polluting effects of irrigated agriculture, others conclude otherwise. The joint use of contaminant input taxes and the establishment of water markets gives rise to ambiguous results, because water and fertilisers are not substitutes. The objective of this paper is to examine the joint effects of establishing an hypothetical spot water market among farmers and a nitrogen tax on irrigators’ benefits, nitrogen pollution and hired external labour. Two non-linear models are formulated and developed that simulate irrigators’ behaviour and the functioning of inter-district water markets in the Guadalquivir basin. Results show that water markets would increase hired farm labour and irrigators’ surplus, though at the cost of increasing nitrates pollution. The reduction of nitrates contamination achieved by the tax is attenuated as a result of water exchanges, which in turn contribute to reduce the negative income effects caused by the nitrates tax. Water markets increase unambiguously the social benefits resulting from increasing hired labour.
Los criterios de asignación de agua destinada al regadío influyen decisivamente en la vulnerabilidad a sequías hidrológicas en la Cuenca del Guadalquivir. El Plan Hidrológico de la Cuenca define específicamente los objetivos de garantía de suministro para usos agrarios. El grado de cumplimiento de estos objetivos es tributario de los criterios de reparto del agua disponible, y por tanto de la gestión de las reservas hidrológicas. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la actual regla de asignación de dotaciones agrarias, obteniendo estimaciones sobre el grado probable de cumplimiento de los objetivos de garantía presentes en la planificación de la cuenca. La metodología seguida para hacer esta evaluación integra tres modelos. El primero permite conocer la probabilidad asociada de cada determinado nivel de reservas de embalse. El segundo descubre el modelo de decisión seguido en la cuenca para definir las dotaciones de los regantes. La aplicación secuencial mediante técnicas de simulación a estos modelos permite conocer la probabilidad asociada a tener una determinada dotación y por tanto conocer el grado de cumplimiento de estos criterios. Se ha empleado un tercer modelo de programación matemática dinámica que permite evaluar las implicaciones del cumplimiento o no de la garantía de suministro sobre variables económicas relevantes de las explotaciones de regadío. Se presenta además una aplicación de este modelo para evaluar el efecto sobre la garantía de suministro de una nueva política tarifaría que siga las recomendaciones establecidas en la Directiva Marco. Los resultados revelan que, con las actuales reglas de reparto seguidas por la Confederación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir, los criterios de garantía de suministro a los regantes establecidos en la planificación de la cuenca tienen una probabilidad baja de cumplimiento, lo cual es coherente con los estudios posteriores elaborados para el Plan Hidrológico Nacional. La aplicación de una tarifa que suponga la recuperación de los costes conllevaría una mejora factible del cumplimiento de estos criterios, máxime ante escenarios de cambio climático adversos.
REsumEnEn este artículo se sintetizan avances en la literatura relacionados con demandas, precios y costes del agua en distintos sectores, y el papel que los métodos y modelos económicos pueden jugar en el diseño de instrumentos y políticas eficientes para la gestión del agua en el nuevo contexto institucional definido por la DMA. Se analiza de forma específica la contribución de la Economía en la gestión del agua en la agricultura y en el uso urbano, y los distintos métodos para determinar el valor económico del agua en el medio ambiente. Tras esto se presenta el estado del arte de modelos que integran oferta y demanda a escala de cuenca acoplando hidrología, gestión y economía (modelos hidroeconómicos), y diversas aplicaciones a la resolución de problemas de gestión de recursos hídricos. Concluimos con un análisis de tendencias y retos futuros en el papel de los modelos y el análisis económico en la gestión de los recursos hídricos.Palabras clave | Economía del agua; modelos hidroeconómicos; precios del agua; costes ambientales. ABsTRACT This paper presents advances in the literature related to demands, prices and costs of water services in different sectors, and the role of economic methods and models can play in the design of efficient instruments and policies for water management in the new
In 2003 and 2004, an insurance product that protects against market risks of agricultural commodities was offered in Spain. It consists on a revenue insurance product which has been launched as a pilot program for mid-season and late potato in five Spanish provinces (Álava, Burgos, La Rioja, León and Valladolid). The objective of this article is to describe the characteristics of this insurance product and to perform a preliminary evaluation of the seasons it was marketed. We start from a conceptual approach to the market risk management instruments, that constitute the context for the current program. Later, we explain the price model used to define market reference prices and the premia, checking the quality of the statistical price model against the potato farm-gate prices. Finally, the article ends with a preliminary valuation/ assessment of this first pilot experience in Spain, stressing those aspects which are liable/prone to be improved and reckoning the possible extensions of this insurance line to other potato varieties, provinces and also to other agricultural commodities.
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