RESUMO:Nesta pesquisa, pretendeu-se avaliar uma metodologia de desdobro de toras que envolve a classificação destas e estabelecimento de modelos de corte para diferentes classes diamétricas aplicadas em um programa de computador MaxiTora visando à otimização no desdobro de toras. Para tal, foram selecionadas 80 toras de Pinus sp com diâmetros que variaram de 24 cm a 33 cm, formando quatro classes diamétricas com 20 toras por classe. Em cada classe diamétrica, as toras foram separadas em dois lotes com 10 unidades, onde no primeiro lote todas as toras foram misturadas e submetidas ao desdobro convencional e o segundo lote, com as classes devidamente separadas, submetidas ao desdobro programado, de acordo com a simulação obtida no programa para cada classe. Para cada tora, foi cronometrado o tempo efetivo de desdobro até que a última peça de madeira fosse refilada. Para o sistema de desdobro convencional, a eficiência operacional alcançada variou de 9,71 a 11,22 m 3 /operário/turno e a média geral correspondeu 10,18 m 3 /operário/turno. No sistema de desdobro programado, a eficiência operacional alcançada variou de 7,78 a 8,99 m 3 /operário/turno, e a média geral correspondeu a 8,07 m 3 /operário/turno. Os valores da eficiência no desdobro de toras aumentaram com o aumento do diâmetro da tora, mantendo constantes outros fatores como o tempo de desdobro. A eficiência média geral da serraria, alcançada, em decorrência do desdobro programado, foi menor em relação à eficiência média geral alcançada com o desdobro convencional. A eficiência da serraria, alcançada no desdobro programado, foi reduzida, pela falta de experiência dos operadores das máquinas.Palavras-chave: Desdobro de toras, simulação, eficiência operacional. OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY IN SAWING Pinus USING CUTING MODELS IN SMALL SCALE SAWMILL ABSTRACT: This research evaluated a methodology of cutting logs that involves both their classification and the establishment of cutting models for different diametrical classes. The software MaxiTora was employed aiming the optimization of cutting logs. A total of 80 logs of Pinus sp had been selected with diameter that varied from 24 cm to 33 cm, gathering four diametrical classes

ResumoO objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar o desdobro convencional e programado de toras de pínus em uma serraria de pequeno porte, tendo sido utilizados modelos de corte para diferentes classes diamétricas aplicadas em um programa de computador MaxiTora, visando a otimização no desdobro de toras. Para tal, foram selecionadas 80 toras de Pinus sp. com diâmetros que variaram de 24 a 33 cm, formando quatro classes diamétricas com 20 toras por classe. Em cada classe diamétrica, as toras foram separadas em dois lotes com 10 unidades, sendo um lote submetido ao desdobro aleatório e o outro lote submetido ao desdobro programado. Para o sistema de desdobro aleatório, os rendimentos obtidos em todas as classes diamétricas variaram de 44,96% a 52,47%, com a média geral correspondendo a 49,01%. No sistema de desdobro programado, os rendimentos obtidos variaram de 49,93% a 55,25% em todas as classes diamétricas estudadas e a média geral correspondeu a 52,14%. A classificação de toras e programação de cortes permitiram aumentar o rendimento da serraria em pelo menos três pontos percentuais. A programação de desdobro de toras resultou em aumento de rendimento em todas as classes diamétricas estudadas. Palavras-chave: Desdobro de toras; rendimento; otimização. AbstractYeld in lumber of Pinus sp. using cutting models in small sawmill. The objective of this research was to compare conventional and programmed cutting of logs pine at small sawmill. The models have been used for cutting different diametrical classes. The software MaxiTora was employed aiming to optimize logs cutting. For such, 80 logs of Pinus sp had been selected with diameters that varied from 24 cm to 33 cm, gathering four diametrical classes with 20 logs each. In each diametrical class, the logs had been separated in two lots of 10 units, then the first lot was submitted to random cutting and the second lot was submitted to programmed cutting. In relation to the random cutting system, the yield obtained in all the diametrical classes varied from 44.96% to 52.47%, and the general average corresponded to 49.01%. In relation to the programmed cutting system, the yield varied from 49.93% to 55.25% in all the diametrical classes studied, and the general average corresponded to 52.14%. Grading of logs and cutting schedule allowed to increase the sawmill efficiency in at least three percentage points. A programming sawing of logs resulted in increased yield in all diameter classes studied. Keywords: Cut of logs; yield; optimization. INTRODUÇÃOO pínus constitui uma das essências florestais mais utilizadas no Brasil na indústria de madeira processada mecanicamente. A região Sul do país concentra a maior parte dessas florestas, sendo os estados do Paraná e de Santa Catarina detentores da maior área plantada com o pínus (Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Madeira Processada Mecanicamente (ABIMCI), 2007).De acordo com Rocha (2002), o rendimento é um dos parâmetros que pode servir de base para os gestores da serraria avaliarem o seu desempenho, por revelar com r...

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of particleboard panels made with wood from Pinus caribaea var. caribaea and Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis, as obtained from forest stands. Experimental panels were produced with a nominal density of 0.70 g/cm³, using urea-formaldehyde resin and wood particles of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea and Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis, at rates of 100%x0%, 75%x25%, 50%x50%, 25%x75% and 0%x100%. Pinus taeda wood was used as control sample. Panels were compressed at a specific pressure of 40 kgf/cm² and temperature of 160ºC, for 8 minutes. Analysis results of water absorption, thickness swell, internal bond, modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture properties indicated feasibility of using wood from Pinus caribaea var. caribaea and Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis for production of particleboard panels, individually or combined at rates of 75%, 50% and 25%.

Mozambique’s large pool of tropical hardwoods is hampered by the prevalence of low-grade tree species along with a lack of cost-effective processing technologies to improve timber properties. Brachystegia spiciformis and Julbernadia globiflora are the most abundant tree species in terms of volume in the country, but with limited use due to their low timber quality. In this study, thermal modification at three different temperatures (215 °C; 230 °C; 245 °C) was applied for 2 h to the timber of both species, followed by measurement of a set of physical and mechanical wood properties. The results show that the originally light-coloured sapwood of both tree species darkened gradually as the intensity of thermal modification increased. Additionally, from untreated samples to the highest thermal treatment level, timber of B. spiciformis incurred a maximum mass loss of 27%, while oven-dry density was reduced from 0.65 to 0.56 g/cm3 and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) changed from 7 to 3%. Timber of J. globiflora had a mass loss of 23% after the highest treatment level, an oven-dry density reduction of 0.81 to 0.74 g/cm3 and an EMC decrease from 8 to 3%. The changes in mechanical properties from reference samples to the highest thermal treatment level were also significant. For B. spiciformis, MOE decreased by 10.2%, MOR by 50.8%, compression strength parallel to the grain by 29.2% and Brinell hardness by 23.5%. Timber of J. globiflora followed the same trend with an MOE decrease by 6.9%, an MOR decrease by 53.2% and a decrease in compression strength parallel to the grain by 21.9%. All tested wood properties showed significant responses to thermal modification after the most intensive treatment level had been applied. Despite the degradation of mechanical properties in both species, an optimal combination of temperature and treatment time could be achieved. The recorded changes of the tested wood properties in both species could increase the range of applications; the new colour resembled that of highly sought-after tropical hardwoods.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the density, chemical properties and bonding quality of two lesser-used Mozambican wood species known as messassas (Brachystegia spiciformis and Julbernardia globiflora) aiming at edge-glued panel production. The bonding was performed using structural adhesive polyvinyl acetate D4, semi-structural adhesive emulsion polymer isocyanate and non-structural polyvinyl acetate D3 applied at 120•m -2 and 180•m -2 weights. Density, chemistry, edge shear bonding, wood failure percentage and the finger-joint tests were performed in accordance with standards. The results showed that both species have medium density, high extractives and lignin contents typical of tropical wood. The emulsion polymer isocyanate adhesive was approved with better performance compared to polyvinyl acetate D3 and D4 adhesives. It can also be affirmed that Brachystegia spiciformis and Julbernardia globiflora have similar bonding behaviour and the potential for producing edge glued panel panels, especially for indoor use.

RESUMOEste trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes composições estruturais sobre as propriedades mecânicas de painéis compensados de Pinus maximinoi, Pinus oocarpa e Pinus tecunumannii. Foram produzidos em laboratório painéis compensados com sete lâminas de 3,0 mm de espessura, com composição padrão, reforço longitudinal e reforço transversal. Para a colagem de lâminas foi utilizada resina fenol-formaldeído com a seguinte formulação em partes por peso: resina = 100, extensor = 10 e água = 10. A gramatura empregada foi 160 g/m² (linha simples). Os painéis foram prensados à temperatura de 150ºC, pressão específica de 15 kgf/cm² e tempo de prensagem de 15 minutos. Para avaliação das propriedades mecânicas foram realizados os ensaios de flexão estática paralela e perpendicular à direção das fibras das lâminas das capas. Os painéis de Pinus maximinoi apresentaram resultados médios superiores de MOE e MOR paralelo e perpendicular em relação aos painéis de Pinus oocarpa e Pinus tecunumannii. Os painéis produzidos com as três espécies estudadas apresentaram resultados satisfatórios de MOE e MOR, paralelo e perpendicular, em comparação aos painéis compensados comerciais produzidos de Pinus taeda. As inclusões de reforço longitudinal e transversal não influenciaram significativamente nos resultados médios de MOE e MOR paralelo. O reforço longitudinal afetou negativamente os resultados médios de MOE e MOR perpendicular. Palavras-chave: painel compensado; resina fenol-formaldeído; lâminas de pinus tropicais. ABSTRACTThis study was developed to evaluate the effects of different compositions of plywood of Pinus maximinoi, Pinus oocarpa e Pinus tecunumannii. Were manufactured in laboratory plywood composed by seven veneer with 3,0 mm thickness, with standard composition, longitudinal reinforced composition and transversal reinforced composition. Were used for veneer gluing the phenol-formaldehyde resin with the following formulation in parts of weight: resin = 100, extender = 10 and water = 10. The amount of glue spread was 160 g/m² (one side layer). The boards were pressed at temperature of 150ºC, specific pressure of 15 kgf/ cm² and press time of 15 minutes. Were realized static bending tests in the parallel and cross direction. The boards of Pinus maximinoi showed better results in MOE and MOR, parallel and cross direction in comparison to boards of Pinus oocarpa and Pinus tecunumannii. The boards made from three species showed satisfactory results of MOE and MOR, parallel and cross direction, in comparison to commercial plywood of Pinus taeda. The veneer reinforced in to parallel and cross direction not influenced significantly in the results of MOE and MOR parallel direction. The longitudinal veneer reinforced plywood affects poorly the results of MOE and MOR in the cross direction.

No abstract