No abstract

Information about the current state of water institutional frameworks, water infrastructure and water management policies in Libya enable the identification and evaluation of a range of options for improving water use efficiency in agriculture and the potential role of water pricing in achieving sustainability of water sources. This paper begins with an overview of the agricultural sector. In order to assess the current water situation in Libya, the water infrastructure will be examined through a review of water legislation, its institutional framework and the infrastructure surrounding the various water resources. The national strategy for the management of water resources and the suggested plans to address the inefficient use of water in the Jefara Plain Region (JPR) will be discussed. The last section will be devoted to the Great Man-made River Project (GMRP) and water investment in JPR's agriculture, and conclude by identifying the problems and obstacles facing the outcomes for these investments.Keywords: Libya; Jefara Plain Region; JPR; water management policies; water use efficiency; water resources management; water legislation; water institutional frameworks. 34A. Abdudayem and A.H.S. Scott Albert H.S. Scott has considerable experience in lecturing on both undergraduate and graduate courses in Australia, Singapore, Brunei, Hong Kong and England. In Singapore he established and managed the School of Information Technology at Temasek Polytechnic and was a member of the Academic Board. In Brunei he was the inaugural Head of Department of Computing and Information Systems at Institut Teknology of Brunei and was a member of the Academic Board. In Hong Kong, within the Senior Directorates' Office, he successfully completed a project for the Hong Kong Council for academic accreditation and was the recipient of an outstanding team award.

Purpose This study seeks to examine the quantity and quality of social and environmental disclosures (SEDs) of Nigerian oil companies. The study aims to analyse SED activities as reported by the oil companies in their annual reports. Design/methodology/approach The study analyses annual reports through content analysis. SED quantity is measured by alternative two units: number of sentences and number of pages. A two-point scale system to assess SED quality is used as follows: 1 = if SED is quantitative and reports specific activities of a company concerning its social and environmental responsibility; 0 = otherwise. Correlation analysis is performed among the different SED categories to identify the relationships among them. Kolmongrov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests for normality are utilised. Findings SED activities are reported by most of the companies, and by quantity, employee information is found to be the most common type of disclosure. SED quantity and quality in the environment category is found to be overwhelmingly low despite the large-scale public concern expressed about the levels of the environmental degradation caused by oil company operations. Research limitations/implications The data collected for this study are based on one country, which controls diversity but limits the generalizability of the findings. The study is limited by the sample which includes mainly quoted companies, as they are believed to make improved disclosures because of their investor orientation and statutory obligations. Originality/value The study extends SED research by focusing on social disclosures such as employee-, community- and health- and safety-related disclosures. The study also investigates the motivations of SED providers and establishes a link between stakeholder demands/engagement and the level of disclosure.

Purpose This study aims to identify the differences between local and foreign companies’ social and environmental disclosures (SEDs) practices operating in the Nigerian oil sector. It aims at distinguishing SED levels by comparing local and foreign companies operating in the oil sector. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyses annual reports through content analysis. SED extent and type are measured by the number of sentences. SEDs are further classified into three subcategories according to whether they are negative, neutral or positive disclosures and then their proportions are compared through descriptive analysis. To better understand SED differences, the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon tests are used. Findings Local companies are found to provide more content and a wider variety of SED than foreign companies. The majority of the total SEDs in both local and foreign companies are positive with very little evidence of negative news. Research limitations/implications The measurement of SEDs focuses on only annual reports, without consideration of other disclosure media such as standalone reports and corporate websites. SEDs are assumed to be voluntary for the companies and they may choose not to disclose any information in annual reports, as there are no regulations or disclosure guidelines in Nigeria to be followed. Originality/value The main contribution of this study lies in identifying the factors that have led to diversity and uniqueness in SED between local and foreign oil companies. As such, this study seeks to contribute to the development of understanding multiple factors that could give rise to changing patterns of SED.

This paper discusses the differences between a traditional organization and a virtual organization. Different forms of virtual organizations are described to illustrate the nature of a virtual organization. The concept of a virtual supply chain is proposed and defined as a hybrid of the existing forms of virtual organizations. A virtual supply chain is then explored from an information systems viewpoint. This exploration reveals contextual factors associated with information systems in a virtual supply chain. These issues are further explored to determine how they might be addressed. Finally further research that could be conducted is proposed.