83The purpose of this study was to evaluate instructional activities and practice techniques of musicians attempting to improve their accuracy in detecting errors in music examples heard. In this study, a commonly recommended practice procedure, keyboard sightreading, was compared with listening to recorded examples of simple piano works characteristic of those used in college-level class piano courses. The authors randomly assigned 59 college music majors to two groups. One group (Group R) studied examples by sight-reading music excerpts at the keyboard; the other group (Group L) studied the same excerpts by listening to recordings. Both groups were tested using taped examples of the excerpts with harmonic alterations. When data were collectedfor harmonic alterations not detected (misses) and for errors indicated where none were performed (false alarms), Group L was significantly more accurate (p = .0001) in detecting harmonic alterations than was Group R. The difference between the two groups was the same regarding false alarms (p = .0001). A repeated measures design was employed 2 weeks later with similar results. The data also indicated a possible effect of treatment order (listeningfirst or sightreading first). Implications are drawn for classroom application and for further study. Authors of many widely adopted textbooks in music theory have suggested that keyboard reading is a valuable way to acquire familiarity
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