O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar a composição florística de seis áreas de ocorrência de campos de altitude na Serra do Mar no estado do Paraná. Foram detectadas 280 espécies vegetais vasculares, pertencentes a 73 famílias, sendo 63 angiospermas (260 espécies), 8 pteridófitas (18 espécies) e 2 gimnospermas (2 espécies). A família com maior riqueza específica foi Asteraceae, com 44 espécies (15,7% do total), seguida por Poaceae (31; 11%), Melastomataceae (17; 6%) e Cyperaceae (16; 5,7%). A Serra do Ibitiraquire, onde ocorre o maior trecho da formação estudada, apresentou a maior riqueza de espécies (224 espécies), e o menor trecho, na Serra da Pedra Branca do Araraquara, apresentou a menor riqueza (71). Apenas 17 espécies (6% do total) foram detectadas em todas as áreas e 137 espécies (49%) são exclusivas de uma das áreas. Observou-se uma associação negativa e moderada entre a similaridade florística e a distância entre as áreas de ocorrência. Também foram reportadas algumas ameaças aos Campos de Altitude no Paraná, com destaque para a invasão biológica por Pinus sp., a conduta inadequada em ambientes de montanha e as obras de infra-estrutura de telecomunicações.
1 RESUMO(Estrutura arbórea da Floresta Ombrófi la Densa Altomontana de serras do Sul do Brasil). O presente trabalho teve os objetivos de agrupar informações sobre a estrutura arbórea da fl oresta altomontana da Serra do Mar paranaense e de compará-las com as de fl orestas altomontanas de outras serras do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Foram realizados levantamentos fi tossociológicos em diversas montanhas de quatro importantes serras (ou subserras) do Paraná. Nas quatro subserras foram amostrados 2294 indivíduos (PAP ≥ 10 cm) pertencentes a 28 famílias, 43 gêneros e 78 espécies. Foi observada maior riqueza de espécies na amostragem da Serra Gigante (41 espécies), seguida pelas serras da Prata (37), da Igreja (34) ABSTRACT(Tree component structure of tropical upper montane rain forests in Southern Brazil). Th e aims of this study were:(1) to group information about the tree structure of the upper montane rain forest of Serra do Mar in the state of Paraná (PR), Southern Brazil; and (2) to compare this information with available data from other mountain ranges in Southern and Southeastern Brazil. In the four mountain ranges studied, 2294 tree individuals (perimeter at breast height -PBH ≥ 10 cm) were sampled, which included 28 families, 43 genera and 78 species. Th e cloud forest sampled in Serra Gigante showed the highest richness (41 species), followed by Serra da Prata (37), Serra da Igreja (34) and Serra do Ibitiraquire (26). Th e mean tree height was 4.8 m, the PBH was 22.9 cm, the tree abundance was 4779 in/ ha, the basal area was 33.5 m 2 /ha and the Shannon diversity index was 2.68 nats/ind. Combining our data with the published data on the Serra do Mar region, resulting in a total of 11 surveys and 204 plots (10200 m 2 ), a matrix with 75 identifi ed species was obtained. In this matrix, the fi ve most important species in the structure of the forest were Ilex microdonta, Siphoneugena reitzii, Drimys angustifolia, Ocotea porosa and Ilex chamaedrifolia. Th e cloud forests sampled in Serra do Mar showed lower richness and diversity indexes than the cloud forests in Serra da Mantiqueira (Southeast) and higher richness and diversity than cloud forests in Aparados da Serra Geral (South). Th ese diff erences are possibly related to the anthropic infl uences, geographic distances, diff erent centers of endemism, the tropical and subtropical surroundings, and geomorphology, among other factors.
-(Patterns of litter production in a secondary alluvial Atlantic Rain Forest in southern Brazil). Above-ground litter production is one of the most accessible ways to estimate ecosystem productivity, nutrient fl uxes and carbon transfers. Phenological patterns and climatic conditions are still not fully explained well for tropical and subtropical forests under less pronounced dry season and non-seasonal climates, as well as the interaction of these patterns with successional dynamics. Monthly litterfall was estimated for two years in a 9 to 10 year old secondary alluvial Atlantic Rain forest. Total litterfall was higher in the site with more developed vegetation (6.4 ± 1.2 ton ha -1 year -1 ; 95% confi dence interval) as compared to the site with less developed vegetation (3.0 ± 1.0 ton ha -1 year -1 ). The monthly production of 11 litter fractions (eight fractions comprising the leaf litter of the seven main species of the community and other species; reproductive parts, twigs ≤ 2 cm diameter, and miscellaneous material) were correlated with meteorological variables making possible to identify three patterns of deposition. The main pattern, dominated by leaf-exchanging species, consisted of a cycle with the highest litterfall at the beginning of the rainy season, preceding by basically three months the peaks of the annual cycles of rainfall and temperatures. Other two patterns, dominated by brevi-deciduous species, peaked at the end of the rainy season and at the end of the non-rainy season. Tropical and subtropical dry forests that present the highest leaf fall gradually earlier than rain forests (as the studied sites) are possibly related to the start of senescence process. It seems that such process is triggered earlier by a more severe hydric stress, besides other factors linked to a minor physiological activity of plants that result in abscission.Key words -litterfall, meteorological variables, phenology, primary productivity, sucession RESUMO -(Padrões de produção de serapilheira em uma Floresta Ombrófi la Densa aluvial secundária no Sul do Brasil). A produção de serapilheira é uma das variáveis mais acessíveis para se estimar a produtividade primária, fl uxos de nutrientes e transferências de carbono em ecossistemas terrestres. Padrões fenológicos e condições climáticas ainda não estão bem explicados para fl orestas tropicais e subtropicais sob climas com sazonalidade pouco pronunciada, muito menos a interação desses padrões com a dinâmica sucessional. A produção mensal de serapilheira foi estimada durante dois anos em uma Floresta Ombrófi la Densa aluvial durante o nono e décimo ano de regeneração. O sítio com vegetação mais desenvolvida apresentou maior produção de serapilheira (6,4 ton ha -1 ano -1 ), quando comparado com o sítio com vegetação menos desenvolvida (3,0 ton ha -1 ano -1 ). As produções mensais de 11 frações de serapilheira foram correlacionadas com variáveis meteorológicas possibilitando identifi car três padrões de deposição. O padrão principal, dominado por espécies sempre ver...
composition of four tropical upper montane rain forests in Southern Brazil. Biota Neotrop., 9(2): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v9n2/en/ abstract?article+bn00609022009. Abstract:The Cloud Forests have very important environmental functions, among them, the maintenance and protection of the origin of the watersheds and the carbon stocks in its biomass and into the soil, besides its biodiversity and endemism. Despite still exist considerable remnants of primary cloud forests there are few studies that listed species that occur in these ecosystems. The aim of this study was to characterize the floristic composition of four areas of the Upper Montane Rain Forest of the "Serra do Mar" in the state of Paraná and to compare it with other cloud forests in southern and southeastern Brazil. A total of 346 vascular species were detected. They comprised 87 families including 72 angiosperms (288 species), 14 pteridophytes (57 species) and one gymnosperm. The species richest families were Myrtaceae (34 species; 10% of total), Asteraceae (30; 9%), Orchidaceae (29; 8%), Rubiaceae (17; 5%), Melastomataceae (16; 5%), Poaceae (12; 3%) and Bromeliaceae (11; 3%). The Serra do Ibitiraquire presented the largest area of cloud forests and the highest species richness (231 species). Of the 346 species found in typical cloud forests, 231 species were classified as typical, 41 as transitionals from high altitude grasslands and 68 as transitionals from lower montane forests. Similarities between the studied areas and other Brazilian cloud forests were low (cluster analyses and Sörensen indexes). Besides the geological, geomorphological, pedological and forest structural differences, the conservation status, the lower influence of "Mixed Ombrophyllous forests" (Araucaria Moist forests) species, pioneer and lower montane species, justify this lower similarity. Resumo: A Floresta Ombrófila Densa Altomontana é uma formação responsável por importantes funções ambientais, entre elas a proteção e manutenção dos fluxos hídricos de cabeceiras de bacias hidrográficas, o estoque de carbono na sua biomassa e na do solo, além da sua biodiversidade e seu elevado endemismo. Apesar de ainda existirem remanescentes primários significativos dessas florestas, apenas alguns estudos descreveram sua estrutura arbórea. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de listar e comparar a florística vascular de quatro serras representativas da Floresta Ombrófila Densa Altomontana no Paraná e de comparar a florística arbórea das florestas do presente estudo com a de outras florestas semelhantes nas regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil. Foram detectadas 346 espécies vegetais vasculares, pertencentes a 176 gêneros e a 87 famílias, sendo 72 angiospermas (288 espécies), 14 pteridófitas (57 espécies) e 1 gimnosperma. A família com maior riqueza específica foi Myrtaceae, com 34 espécies (10% do total), seguida por Asteraceae (30; 9%), Orchidaceae (29; 8%), Rubiaceae (17; 5%), Melastomataceae (16; 5%), Poaceae (12; 3%) e Bromeliaceae (11; 3%). A composição florística arbórea das flor...
-(Upper montane grassland structure within six subranges of Serra do Mar, Southern Brazil). The phytosociological structure of upper montane grasslands (high altitude grasslands) was studied in six subranges of Serra do Mar. Throughout 324 (1 m 2 ) plot samples, we identified 195 taxa out of 280 taxa previously found in a floristic survey. Besides the general analysis of these communities, five physiognomies (synusiae) of these grasslands were previously determined based upon the species with greater cover. Cryptangium triquetrum and Croton mullerianus had the highest phytosociological importance value among the upper montane grasslands sampled in the present study. The first species was the most important of the grassy physiognomy of all sampled subranges and the second one of the shrubby physiognomy within three subranges. Chusquea pinifolia, Machaerina austrobrasiliensis, Deschampsia caespitosa, Gleichenella pectitata, Tibouchina dubia, Xyris stenophylla, Eryngium koehnearum and Eriochrysis holcoides were also structurally important. Although considerable species richness has been observed, the dominance of one or few species in the community was common in all subranges and physiognomies. In a brief comparison with upper montane vegetation studies (mainly on rocky outcrops) carried out in Southeastern Brazil, a low sharing of species was verified. Furthermore, the scarcity of studies in the literature regarding floristic and sociological structure of upper montane grasslands hampers a deeper analysis at level of species.
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