This article presents an exploratory study of a conceptual model of perceived customer value in a business-to-consumer e-commerce setting. Key precursors of perceived customer value included in the model are valence of on-line shopping experience, perceived product quality, perceived risk, and product price. Relationships among these variables (as well as mediating variables) and their relationship to on-line shoppers' value perceptions are explored. The theoretical framework proposed in this work expands on previous efforts on perceived customer value by including new variables relevant to an e-commerce setting and by integrating several key variables into one model. The preliminary findings lead to several implications. ᭧

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The purpose of this study was to refine understanding of transformational leadership theory by a specification and test of boundary conditions. Multiple levels of analysis (individual, dyad, and group) were used to identify conceptually and assess empirically the potential bounds on transformational leadership theory. Multi‐source data were collected from a sample of 105 salespersons and their 33 sales supervisors, and within and between analysis (WABA) procedures were conducted. Contrary to higher‐level (dyad, group) and cross‐level assertions in the literature, transformational leadership results were based solely on individual differences. That is, in this sales setting, transformational leadership theory was determined to be an individual‐level theory bounded by individuals' (superiors' and subordinates') perceptions and not holding at higher levels of analysis. Implications of the findings for future leadership research and practice are discussed.

An increasing number of consumers are turning to the Internet to make their purchases. Yet, many e-tailers are going out of business or retrenching. If e-tailers hope to attract and retain satisfied online shoppers, they need to know what evaluative criteria consumers use when selecting an e-tailer. Past research has provided some insight into what characteristics shoppers assess in cyberspace outlets. The extant work, though, has not been without its limitations. Consequently, the present study utilizes a literature review, qualitative research, and quantitative research to identify the underlying e-store choice dimensions of shoppers. In addition, results of multiple regression analysis show that merchandise and interactivity Web attributes are predictors of consumers' attitude toward online shopping. Implications for e-store managers and future research are also provided.

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