Zero demands for some types of energy are frequently observed in …rm level data sets. To deal with this problem, two alternative solutions are retained in the literature: …rstly, it can be assumed that the consumption of some kinds of energy is not allowed by the existing technology; secondly one can suppose that …rms decide to use only some of the di¤erent kinds of energy allowed by the technology. In this paper we estimate the inter-fuel substitutions resulting from these two di¤erent situations. We take into account that increasing the price of an energy form possibly modi…es the number of energy used by the …rm. We show that even in this case an estimation of the elasticity of substitution can be obtained. The empirical results are based on a French manufacturing energy consumption survey.
This paper examines the link between pollution and income. The main purpose is to assess whether the introduction of income inequality in a Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) analysis can give new insights into the relationship between pollution and economic growth. The EKC hypothesis proposes that there is an inverted U-shape relation between environmental degradation and income per capita. We question this common result, in a simple model where the income inequality evolution is exogenous and where the planner could use only one instrument. For a set of parameter values we find, for example, a two-hump curve. JEL classification: D3, H4, Q2.Est-ce que le postulat de S. Kuznets remet en question les courbes environnementales a`la Kuznets? Cet article analyse la relation entre pollution et revenu. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer comment la prise en compte de l'ine´galite´des revenus, dans une analyse de la courbe environnementale de Kuznets, peut modifier la relation entre pollution et croissance. L'hypothe`se de la courbe environnementale de Kuznets revient a`supposer l'existence d'une forme en U inverse´entre la de´gradation de l'environnement et le revenu par teˆte. Cet article remet en cause ce re´sultat a`l'aide d'un mode`le simple dans lequel l'ine´galite´du revenu e´volue de manie`re exoge`ne et ou`le planificateur ne peut utiliser qu'un seul instrument. Pour certaines valeurs des parame`tres du mode`le nous trouvons que la relation entre la pollution et le revenu suit une courbe a`deux bosses.
This paper provides an empirical application of Lee and Pitt’s (1986) approach to the problem of corner solutions in the case of panel data. This model deals with corner solutions in a manner consistent with the firm behavior theory while controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. In this model, energy demand at industrial plant level is the result of a discrete choice of the type of the energy to be consumed and a continuous choice that defines the level of demand. The econometric model is, essentially, an endogenous switching regime model which requires the evaluation of multivariate probability integrals. We estimate the random effect model by maximum likelihood using a panel of industrial French plants from the paper and pulp industry. We calculate empirical price elasticities of energy demand from the model. We also study the effects on energy demand of an environmental policy aimed at reducing CO 2 emissions. Copyright Springer-Verlag 2004Energy demand system, zero expenditures, panel data, random effects model, C33, C34, D21, Q41,
The energy demands in dairy industries : a micro-economic analysis, by Alain Bousquet, Marc Ivaldi, Norbert Ladoux. An empirical analysis examines substitution opportunities for various forms of energy in the dairy industry. First, we estimate a demand function system for energy factors in order to grasp their substituability. It is then possible to understand the trends in the structure of the energy consumption. Zero expenditures in the sample require a special treatment when the model is specified. And this is true for two different stages : the theoretical one as well as the econometric one. The model is similar to qualitative variable models such as the general Tobit model.
Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour Presses de Sciences Po. © Presses de Sciences Po. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays.La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage dans une base de données est également interdit.Plusieurs études économétriques ont montré que certaines pollutions dépendent du revenu par tête selon une relation, en forme de U inversé, dénommée « Environmental Kuznets Curve ». Cet article propose un modèle microéconomique simple permettant d'expliquer le rôle du revenu dans l'évolution de la pollution. Sous certaines hypothèses, l'arbitrage entre la consommation et la pollution implique une évolution de la pollution suivant trois phases. Dans la première, les consommateurs ne consentent à aucun effort pour limiter la quantité de pollution, un tel effort est engagé dans une deuxième phase. Cet effort permet seulement de limiter la progression de la pollution. Ce n'est que dans une troisième et dernière phase, correspondant à un revenu suffisamment élevé, qu'il est possible d'observer une diminution de la pollution. Dans cet article, nous montrons que la prise en compte du caractère hétérogène de la population est déterminant pour caractériser correctement la relation pollution-revenu. INDIVIDUAL HETEROGENEITY AND THE POLLUTION-INCOME RELATIONSHIPSeveral econometric studies have shown that, at least for some pollutants, the relationship between emissions and income per capita follows an inverted U curve, known as "environmental Kuznets cuve". This paper present a simple microeconomic model in which income explain the shape of the emission path. Under some hypothesis, the trade-off between consumption and pollution imply that the pollution path follows three phases. In the first one, the consumers provides any effort in order to reduce the pollution, such an effort is done in the second phase. This effort is just sufficient to limit the rate of pollution growth. When the income per capita is high enough the pollution decrease, this is the third phase. In this paper, we show that the consumer heterogeneity is crucial in order to well characterize the pollution income relationship.
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