the current study investigated telocytes (tcs) in the intestinal bulb of Grass carp using light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (teM), scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry (iHc). By LM, tcs were distinguished by the typical morphological features that had a cell body and telopodes using He, toluidine blue, methylene blue, Marsland silver stain, Grimelius's silver nitrate, Giemsa, PAS, combined AB pH2,5/PAS, Crossmon's and Mallory triple trichrome, Van Gieson stains, Verhoeff's stain, Sudan black, osmic acid, performic acid with methylene blue and bromophenol blue. TCs were identified under the epithelium as an individual cell or formed a TCs sheath. They detected in the lamina propria, between muscle fibers, around the myenteric plexus and fibrous tissue. TCs acquired immunological features of endocrine cells that exhibited high affinity for silver stain, performic acid with methylene blue, Marsland stain, and immunohistochemical staining using chromogranin A. Sub epithelial tcs were closely related to the endocrine cells. tcs and their secretory activities were recognized using acridine orange. TCs were identified by IHC using CD34, CD117, S100-protein, desmin. TCs formed a3D network that established contact with macrophage, mast cells, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, smooth muscle fibers, fibroblast, Schwann cells and nerve fibers. In conclusion, the localization of TCs in relation to different types of immune cells indicated their potential role in the maintenance of intestinal immunity. Interstitial cells have critical roles in the maintenance of the appropriate 3D scaffold and functional requirements of the organs. Telocytes (TCs) are the cell population that forms a network through a labyrinthine system formed by telopodes. They are long and slender prolongations reached up to hundreds of microns. Telopodes are identified by their segments; the thin segment, podomer and the thick segment, the podoms. TCs established contact to other resident cells or to wandering cells via their telopodes or via the cell body. Telopodes network provide-long-distance cell-cell signaling (intercellular communication) 1. Paracrine signaling is critical for TCS function. TCs produce several secretory molecules and factors contributing to the functional significance.Gene analysis 2 and proteomics analysis 3 are investigated for TCs. The functional contributions of TCS are supposed to be related to angiogenesis 4 , and development, maintenance of homeostatic balance 4 , immunosurveillance 5 , tissue regeneration and repair through providing adequate microenvironment for stem cell niche and promoting their differentiation 6,7. TCs are identified in a wide variety of organs from diverse species including mammals 8-11 , avian 12,13 , reptiles 14 , Amphibians 15 and aquatic species 16,17 and parasitic worm 18. They are located in the trachea and lungs 19 , heart 20 and the blood vessels 21 , kidney, ureter, urinary bladder 22 , tongue 23 , oesophagus, stomach and small and large

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The present work was carried out on 40 specimens of oesophaguses of both sexes of catfish (carnivorous fish) and grass carp (herbivorous fish) in order to observe the morphological and histological differences between the two species. Oesophagus of catfish was divided into 2 parts: anterior and posterior ones. The anterior part of the oesophagus of catfish was characterized by the presence of numerous mucosal folds. It was lined by stratified epithelium with goblet cells. In addition to club cells were observed in between the stratified epithelium. Scanning electron examination of the oesophageal epithelium of catfish demonstrated the presence of microvilli and fingerprint-like microridges in the superficial cell layer. The posterior part of the oesophagus of catfish was characterized by simple columnar mucus-secreting epithelium. The oesophagus of grass carp had shown the same structure along its entire length. It consisted of less folded mucosa than that observed in the oesophagus of catfish. The epithelium was characterized by the presence of taste buds. In conclusion, the present work revealed some differences in the structure of catfish oesophagus and grass carp oesophagus. These differences are related to type of food and feeding habits of each species.

Medicinal plants are effective in controlling plasma glucose level with minimal side effects and are commonly used in developing countries as an alternative therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential antidiabetic and antioxidant impacts of Balanites aegyptiaca and Petroselinum sativum extracts on streptozotocin-induced diabetic and normal rats. The influences of these extracts on body weight, plasma glucose, insulin, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and liver-pyruvate kinase (L-PK) levels were assessed. Furthermore, the weight and histomorphological changes of the pancreas were studied in the different experimental groups. The herbal preparations significantly reduced the mean plasma glucose and MDA levels and significantly increased the mean plasma insulin, L-PK, and TAC levels in the treated diabetic groups compared to the diabetic control group. An obvious increase in the weight of the pancreas and the size of the islets of Langerhans and improvement in the histoarchitecture were evident in the treated groups compared to untreated ones. In conclusion, the present study provides a scientific evidence for the traditional use of these extracts as antidiabetic and antioxidant agents in type 1 diabetes mellitus.