Morphological and immunohistochemical phenotype of TCs in the intestinal bulb of Grass carp and their potential role in intestinal immunity

Abstract

the current study investigated telocytes (tcs) in the intestinal bulb of Grass carp using light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (teM), scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry (iHc). By LM, tcs were distinguished by the typical morphological features that had a cell body and telopodes using He, toluidine blue, methylene blue, Marsland silver stain, Grimelius's silver nitrate, Giemsa, PAS, combined AB pH2,5/PAS, Crossmon's and Mallory triple trichrome, Van Gieson stains, Verhoeff's stain, Sudan black, osmic acid, performic acid with methylene blue and bromophenol blue. TCs were identified under the epithelium as an individual cell or formed a TCs sheath. They detected in the lamina propria, between muscle fibers, around the myenteric plexus and fibrous tissue. TCs acquired immunological features of endocrine cells that exhibited high affinity for silver stain, performic acid with methylene blue, Marsland stain, and immunohistochemical staining using chromogranin A. Sub epithelial tcs were closely related to the endocrine cells. tcs and their secretory activities were recognized using acridine orange. TCs were identified by IHC using CD34, CD117, S100-protein, desmin. TCs formed a3D network that established contact with macrophage, mast cells, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, smooth muscle fibers, fibroblast, Schwann cells and nerve fibers. In conclusion, the localization of TCs in relation to different types of immune cells indicated their potential role in the maintenance of intestinal immunity. Interstitial cells have critical roles in the maintenance of the appropriate 3D scaffold and functional requirements of the organs. Telocytes (TCs) are the cell population that forms a network through a labyrinthine system formed by telopodes. They are long and slender prolongations reached up to hundreds of microns. Telopodes are identified by their segments; the thin segment, podomer and the thick segment, the podoms. TCs established contact to other resident cells or to wandering cells via their telopodes or via the cell body. Telopodes network provide-long-distance cell-cell signaling (intercellular communication) 1. Paracrine signaling is critical for TCS function. TCs produce several secretory molecules and factors contributing to the functional significance.Gene analysis 2 and proteomics analysis 3 are investigated for TCs. The functional contributions of TCS are supposed to be related to angiogenesis 4 , and development, maintenance of homeostatic balance 4 , immunosurveillance 5 , tissue regeneration and repair through providing adequate microenvironment for stem cell niche and promoting their differentiation 6,7. TCs are identified in a wide variety of organs from diverse species including mammals 8-11 , avian 12,13 , reptiles 14 , Amphibians 15 and aquatic species 16,17 and parasitic worm 18. They are located in the trachea and lungs 19 , heart 20 and the blood vessels 21 , kidney, ureter, urinary bladder 22 , tongue 23 , oesophagus, stomach and small and large

Developmental events and cellular changes occurred during esophageal development of quail embryos

“…Detection of antigen localization was performed using a combination of the avidin–biotin complex technique 18 and the reagent of the Ultra Vision Detection System (Anti-Polyvalent, HRP/DAB manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific TP-015HD). The procedures were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions 19 – 21 . Paraffin sections measuring 5 µm were dewaxed by xylene, hydrated with ascending grades of alcohol, and washed for 5 min twice with PBS (phosphate buffered saline) at pH 7.4 (Table 1 ).…”

Migratory Activities and Stemness Properties of Rodlet Cells

“…After fixation of the gills in 10% neutral buffer formalin, they were placed in osmium tetroxide for the demonstration of fat by the method that allows paraffin-embedded in the tissue (Lisa et al, 2016 and Gates et al, 2016) (Lisa et al, 2016, Gates et al, 2016 and Abd-Elhafeez et al, 2020).…”

“…The procedure was performed according to Hoff et al (1985) and Mahmoud et al (2020) modified by Abdel-Maksoud et al (2019); Soliman (2019); Soliman et al (2019); Yousef et al (2019); Soliman et al (2020) and Abd-Elhafeez et al, (2020).…”

Telocytes are major constituents of the angiogenic apparatus

“…The detection of antigen localization was carried out using a combination of the avidin-biotin complex technique 12 and the solution of the Ultra Vision Detection System (antipolyvalent, horseradish peroxidase [HRP]/3,3′-diaminobenzidine [DAB] manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific TP-015HD). Procedures were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions [13][14][15] . The Richert Leica RM 2125 microtome was used to cut 5-µm paraffin sections.…”

“…Changing color was performed again using adjust then color balance to color another cell or structure. The methods used were previously described by many authors 2,4,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] .…”