The tumor microenvironment (TME) is greatly multifaceted and immune escape is an imperative attribute of tumors fostering tumor progression and metastasis. Based on reports, the restricted achievement attained by T cell immunotherapy reflects the prominence of emerging other innovative immunotherapeutics, in particular, natural killer (NK) cells-based treatments. Human NK cells act as the foremost innate immune effector cells against tumors and are vastly heterogeneous in the TME. Currently, there exists a rapidly evolving interest in the progress of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered NK cells for tumor immunotherapy. CAR-NK cells superiorities over CAR-T cells in terms of better safety (e.g., absence or minimal cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), engaging various mechanisms for stimulating cytotoxic function, and high feasibility for ‘off-the-shelf’ manufacturing. These effector cells could be modified to target various antigens, improve proliferation and persistence in vivo, upturn infiltration into tumors, and defeat resistant TME, which in turn, result in a desired anti-tumor response. More importantly, CAR-NK cells represent antigen receptors against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), thereby redirecting the effector NK cells and supporting tumor-related immunosurveillance. In the current review, we focus on recent progress in the therapeutic competence of CAR-NK cells in solid tumors and offer a concise summary of the present hurdles affecting therapeutic outcomes of CAR-NK cell-based tumor immunotherapies.

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Background: VEGF gene polymorphisms can induce either increase or inhibition of VEGF secretion, with altered promoter activity. Aim:We investigated the association of the VEGFR-2 and -2578C\A polymorphism in the VEGF gene with Lung cancer risk in Babylon province. Methodology: VEGFR-2 level was measured by Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbant Assay ELISA and Genotyping of the VEGF-gene variation (-2578A\C) was performed using the amplification refractory mutation system PCR. We investigated the association of VEGF gene variants with different clinicopathological features of lung cancer patients.Results: No significant difference was seen of the VEGFR-2 levels in lung cancer patients when compared with control group (P=092), the allelic frequency of -2578 A\C VEGF gene no difference was seen in patients lung cancer (p=0.652). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium showed a significant difference cases group (p=0.016), also revealed A allele exhibits a pathological behavior and it appears in over-dominant model (p=0.05), this proves that there is significant association of -2578A\C VEGF gene in lung cancer patients. Conclusion:Our results showed no significant association of the VEGFR-2 in lung cancer patients while showed a significant association of the VEGF -2578C\A polymorphism with LC susceptibility in Babylon province .The VEGF -2578C\A heterozygote significantly increases the risk and can be useful as a predisposing genetic marker.

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