Introduction:Work-related stress (WRS) is an insidious and persistent part of everyday life related to the response of people to work environment. Nursing is a strenuous job and WRS is prevalent among nurses. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of WRS among nurses working in primary and secondary health care levels in Dammam, Eastern Saudi Arabia.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in 17 primary health care centers (PHCCs) representing the primary level of health care and  Medical Tower Complex (MTC) representing the secondary health care level in Dammam city. The total number of nurses included in the study was 637 nurses (144 in PHCCs) and (493 MTC). Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, which was developed based on the pertinent literature. It included two main parts: Sociodemographic and job characteristics of nurses and 31 WRS questions.Results:The overall prevalence of WRS among all studied nurses was 45.5%; 43.1% and 46.2% in primary and secondary levels, respectively. In the primary level, there was a statistical significant association between WRS and being married (85.5%), and having living three children and more (53.2%). Moreover, younger age group 20-<30 years (79.4%), Saudi nationality (86.8%), being married (74.6%), having nonbachelor degree (83.3%), work shifts (89.5%), and working in surgical department (46.5%) were the significant associating factors with the occurrence of WRS among nurses in secondary levels. Young age was the only predicting factor for WRS in primary care level. While being female, Saudi, married, with work shifts, and working in surgical department were found to predict WRS in the secondary level.Recommendations:Appropriate strategy in health care organization to investigate stress in health care settings is recommended. Moreover, interventional programs to identify, and relieve sources and effects of stress should be developed.

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In this study, we evaluated the effect of low level occupational exposure of nurses in a medical oncology unit in Cairo, Egypt, to anticancer drugs. Twenty nurses who constantly handled these drugs and 20 controls, matched according to age and sex, were examined. Metaphase chromosomes were studied. Percentages of metaphases with chromosomal aberrations were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the exposed group (6.1 +/- 2.7) versus the controls (2.6 +/- 1.6). The detected chromosomal aberrations were in the form of chromatid gaps, chromatid breaks and acentric fragments. Micronucleated peripheral blood lymphocytes were also analyzed in cytochalasin B treated binucleated lymphocytes. There was significant increase in cells with micronuclei (P < 0.001) in nurses (10.05 +/- 4.71) in comparison to the matched control (5.42 +/- 2.22) (P < 0.001). Nurses exposed to the cytotoxic drugs for > or = 48 months showed a slightly higher frequency of cells with chromosomal aberrations as well as micronucleated cells than those exposed for < 48 months, but these differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

OBJECTIVES. Tetanus continues to be a leading cause of neonatal death in Bangladesh as in other developing countries, yet little is known about risk factors or the efficacy of tetanus toxoid in this setting. METHODS. In May 1990, mothers of 6148 infants born alive between March 15, 1989, and March 14, 1990, in 30 rural unions of Rajshahi Division in Bangladesh were interviewed. Three surviving controls for each neonatal tetanus death were matched for sex, residence, and date of birth. RESULTS. Of 330 neonatal deaths, 112 met the case definition for tetanus. Risk was increased with a history of neonatal tetanus in a previous child, application of coconut oil to the vagina, and use of multiple ties on the umbilical cord. Risk was reduced by the birth attendant washing hands and using a cleaned cord-cutting tool. Risk was not reduced by a maternal history of two doses of tetanus toxoid (TT2), although estimated efficacy of TT2 was 45% (95% confidence interval = 16% to 64%). Subsequent to the survey, a reference laboratory reported to potency in three consecutive lots of tetanus vaccine from the production laboratory in Bangladesh. CONCLUSIONS. These findings identify high-risk mothers, stress the importance of washing hands and cleaning the cord-cutting tool, and demand improved quality control of tetanus vaccine production.

A novel algorithm for estimating direction of arrival (DOAE) for target, which aspires to contribute to increase the estimation process accuracy and decrease the calculation costs, has been carried out. It has introduced time and space multiresolution in Estimation of Signal Parameter via Rotation Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) method (TS-ESPRIT) to realize subspace approach that decreases errors caused by the model's nonlinearity effect. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is verified by using Monte Carlo simulation, the DOAE accuracy has evaluated by closed-form Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) which reveals that the proposed algorithm's estimated results are better than those of the normal ESPRIT methods leading to the estimator performance enhancement.

Abstract-Radar systems, based on Multistatic radar concept attracted a substantial attention in the recent years. The paper proposes system geometry for S-band Multistatic radar. This technique is used for detecting and tracking the small cross section area and stealthy aircrafts. The proposed geometrical structures are studied with different radars spacing to extend the detection coverage over the Monostatic radar used for air surveillance. The radar detection coverage is also studied with all possible stealthy aircraft paths to find the improvement achieved from using this type of radar. The simulation is done using Matlab program. The results show that the first system geometry with two transmitters and four receivers extends the detection coverage 80 Km for small aircraft and 62 Km for stealthy targets. The second system geometry with two transmitters and six receivers extends the detection coverage 85 Km for small targets and 69 Km for stealthy targets. The achieved SNR from these system geometries guarantee a high probability of detection for small and stealthy aircraft detection.(Pt.9)Keyword-Multistatic radar, Stealthy Aircraft Detection

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Pubertal stage was assessed in 453 Egyptian boys aged from nine to 17 years. Weights and albumin concentrations were measured and parasites identified from stool samples. The mean age to reach each stage of puberty was significantly delayed in the presence of low albumin levels and parasites. The magnitude of the delay was greater for genital stage 2 than for later stages. Weight was also lower in children with reduced albumin concentration or parasites. Among children of the same age, weight and albumin were positively correlated (P less than 0.001), suggesting that albumin status is involved in the timing of puberty.