The article is devoted to the bright memory of the permanent head of archaeological funds, chief curator of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography of the Institute of Ethnological Research named after R. G. Kuzeev, Honored Worker of Culture of the Republic of Bashkortostan, archaeologist, Candidate of Historical Sciences Natalia Georgievna Rutto, who died prematurely 15 years ago in May 2007. The publication examines the main stages of N. G. Rutto's life path (1946-2007). Special attention is paid to the period of her work at the MAE, where she worked her way up from laboratory assistant to deputy director for accounting, storage and exposition of museum funds (1977-2007). Analysis of archival documents and scientific publications, written, among others, by Natalia herself, indicate that she was at the origins of the acquisition of the museum collection of the MAE, made a huge contribution to the formation of archaeological funds and to the development of the exposition and exhibition activities of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography. N. G. Rutto was not only engaged in accounting and storage, but also cataloguing the museum collections of the MAE. In addition, she went on various expeditions and replenished the funds of archeology with new materials. Natalia Georgievna conducted successful research activities. Studying the Srubno-Alakul interaction in the Southern Urals in the Late Bronze Age, in 2000 she defended her PhD thesis, published several dozen scientific articles and a monograph. This publication is based on documents from the Scientific Archive of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, many of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as personal memoirs of the author.
The subject of this article is the Aznayevo settlement – dwelling site of Bashkirs of the late Middle Ages and Modern Age located in the territory of Ishimbaysky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The main goal of this work consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of general information on the monument, as well as materials acquired in the course of archaeological research conducted in 1998 and 2016. Special attention given to the analysis of findings that characterize the economy and way of living of its inhabitants. For clarification of the chronological framework and establishment of relation of Aznayevo settlement with the Bashkir neighboring villages Aznayevo and Khazinovo, the author attracts archival and cartographic material. The article also employs historical-comparative and descriptive methods of analysis of the artefact. The conducted archeological research show that Aznayevo settlement, which supposedly was the winter encampment for the local Bashkir population in the XVII – XIX centuries has existed for a long period of time. In the course of its expiration, were acquires new materials that characterize the economic activity, spiritual and material culture of Bashkirs in the past, including certain aspects that were poorly covered in the ethnographic and historical literature. At the same time, they contribute to examination and reconstruction of ethnogenetic and ethnocultural processes that unfolded in Southern Ural in the late Middle Ages and Modern Age, as well as in the preceding time.
В статье на основании опубликованных, картографических и архивных материалов, а также имеющейся литературы рассматривается история появления и основные этапы развития Илдианского железоделательного завода, существовавшего в XVIII-XIX вв. на северо-западе Республики Башкортостан. Предприятие, функционировавшее короткое время с 1766 г. по 1773 г., отличалось нестабильной производительностью и ежегодно выплавляло разное количество чугуна и железа. По мнению некоторых исследователей, завод был разрушен и прекратил свою деятельность во время событий Крестьянской войны 1773-1775 гг. Вместе с тем, согласно данным разновременных исторических карт, а также ряда письменных источников, на месте Илдианского завода, располагавшегося на берегу р. Илдиане (Березовка), вплоть до середины XIX в. продолжал находиться населенный пункт с одноименным названием. Кроме того, как свидетельствуют имеющиеся архивные документы, в 1830-е гг. здесь была зафиксирована домна, предназначенная для выплавки чугуна. Ключевые слова: горнозаводская промышленность, Илдианский завод, металлургия, архивные документы, исторические карты. № 2 (9) 2020 Историко-культурное наследие народов Урало-Поволжья Илдианский завод XVIII-XIX вв. по данным исторических, архивных...
The present research examines the problem of the formation of new sacred sites around one of the most well-known archaeological complexes of the Bronze Age in the Southern Urals. To do so, the author applied the results of field research done of his own at the Akhunovo cromlech and analysed scientific literature and internet resources. Proceeding from the received data, the author traced the process of formation of sacred insight of the monument, determined the main reasons and participants of the sacralisation process and established probable negative outcomes of this phenomenon.
The subject of this article is the Old Ivanovskoe cemetery that existed in the territory of Ufa. The goal consists in examination of the key stages in development of this necropolis since the moment was sketched in the city plan in 1819 until its complete destruction in the 1950s. Special attention is given to localization of this burial ground in Ufa town planning patter in accordance with the data of cartographic materials of the XIX – middle of the XX centuries, and history of its archaeological research conducted in 1990 and 2002. The novelty of this work consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of new archival documents, systematization of cartographic and published materials on the history of Old Ivanovskoe cemetery, as well as Ioanno-Predtechensky Cathedral that functioned on its territory. Analysis of the existing sources and literature allow concluding that the history of necropolis prior to the Revolution of 1917 was closely related to the development of spatial structure of Ufa, while after the Revolution – with the sociopolitical processes that unfolded throughout the country. Thanks to archaeological research, Old Ivanovskoye cemetery, even after its destruction, elaborates representations on the material and spiritual culture, anthropological and paleopathological characteristics of the Ufa population in the past. Therefore, the author raises the question on the need to publish the materials acquired during the excavations in full, and preserve necropolis as the object of archaeological heritage of the Late Middle Ages and Modern Age.
Статья посвящена истории археологического изучения поселенческих комплексов башкир эпохи позднего Средневековья и Нового времени с 1990-х гг. по настоящее время. За указанный период с помощью методов археологии на территории Республики Башкортостан было выявлено и изучено несколько десятков сезонных и стационарных башкирских поселений. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о перспективности их дальнейшего исследования на базе комплексного этноархеологического подхода. Автором ставится вопрос о необходимости введения в научный оборот полученных ранее археологических материалов.
The subject of this research is the woodworking tools of the Bashkirs in in the XVII– XVIII centuries. The goal lies in examination of the tools used by the Bashkirs for wood processing during the XVII – XVIII centuries leaning on the archaeological materials obtained in the course of exploration of Aznayevo settlement and Berekovo rural localities. The article also involves the written record of the authors of the late XVIII sources and the data of historical-ethnographic researcher of later periods. The research relies in the comprehensive approach of the available archaeological, written and ethnographic materials; as well as descriptive, historical-comparative methods, and analysis of real sources. This article is first to examine the woodworking tools used by the Bashkirs in XVII – XVIII centuries. The archaeological collections allows establishing that the Bashkirs used axes, knives, scraper, graver and drill for wood processing. For basket weaving from bast and birch bark was used the curved awl. According to the written sources, the woodworking tools also included adzes and chisels. The explored archaeological and written materials allow concluding that the woodworking tools of the XVII – XVIII centuries continued to exist among the Bashkir population until the XIX – early XXI centuries, which is proven by the results of historical-ethnographic research.
Purpose. The publication is dedicated to the famous teacher and scientist-archeologist Tatyana Nikolaevna Troitskaya (1925–2018). The purpose of this work is to supplement her biography with information relating to lesser-known periods of her life and work in the Bashkortostan Republic following on from unpublished archival documents and memoirs of T. N. Troitskaya. Results. Analysis of the available sources and literature made it possible to study the time and circumstances of Tatyana Nikolaevna’s stay in the Republic of Bashkortostan. In 1941, it was the first time she was in Birsk, where she was evacuated to with her family after the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. There T. N. Troitskaya finished school and was accepted into the Birsk Pedagogical Institute, where she studied for a year and a half before re-evacuation in 1943. The second time she came to Ufa was in 1955 when she was sent to the Institute of History, Language and Literature, where she worked until 1956. T. N. Troitskaya’s research activities coincided with the beginning of systematic archaeological research in the region, making her involved in the formation of academic archaeological science in the Bashkortostan Republic. In 1955, Tatyana Nikolaevna took part in the excavations carried out by the Bashkir archaeological expedition on the territory of the Gafuri region of the Bashkortostan Republic. In the course of fieldwork, several monuments of the Kara-Abyz culture were studied there, one of which, the Mikhailovskoye settlement, was studied under the guidance of T. N. Troitskaya. The materials and results of excavations of this monument are still used by scientists studying cultural genesis and ethnic processes in the Southern Urals and in the Urals in the early Iron Age. Conclusion. Despite the fact that T. N. Troitskaya lived in Bashkortostan for a short period of her life, this time as a whole was of great importance for her life experience. Tatyana Nikolaevna herself later recalled that it was in Birsk that she realized herself as a future teacher, and in Ufa she came to understand the priority for her teaching activity over research.
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