In the last decade in Russia, the activities of looters of archaeologıcal sıtes have become more and more widespread. Every year, from early spring to late autumn, looters equipped with powerful metal detectors and other devices search for new artifacts damaging the cultural layer of archaeological monuments. Recently, due to the lack of written sources about the stages in the history of their development, some regions of the country have faced the problem that later developed into a key one. One of these regions is the Republic of Bashkortostan. The author's analysis of various sources revealed that the system of protection and preservation of archaeological sites in Russia is ineffective in countering looters, and is mainly aimed at combating negligent housing developers. In a wide information space, there are no analytical materials and scientific works that objectively reflect such illegal activities. In most works, only the damage done by the “treasure hunters” is stated. According to the author, one of the most accessible sources for researching the activities and subculture of looters are online communities in social networks. The study identified three groups of “black diggers” in the social network “VKontakte”. Using various software programs and scientific methods, subscribers and content were examined. Based on the results, the author concludes that the activities of looters are actively encouraged in social networks. In such groups, there are discussions on the findings obtained as a result of the illegal search for a “treasure”, effective methods and ways of avoiding responsibility, as well group coordination and arrangement of conventions.
The article describes the results of research on the activities of «treasure-hunters» in the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2020. The author of this article conducted an analysis of trial court decisions for 2017-2019, news publications, literature and reports of state authorities. As a result, it was found that the system of protection of archaeological sites in Russia is ineffective and cannot counteract «treasure-hunters». The information space almost does not contain analytical materials and scientific research works objectively reflecting treasure hunting activities. In most cases, archaeologists and state officials only record the consequences of unlawful search for «hidden treasures». In the author’s opinion, online communities are one of the most informative sources for studying the activities of treasure-hunters. The three most numerous regional groups of «treasure-hunters» with more than 1,000 subscribers were analyzed in the social network VK. The methods of netnography and the program products such as media-vk.ru and socstat.ru helped to reveal the statistically average portrait of community members, their cohesion and the quality of content. Content analysis made it possible to find out the most discussed topics, archaeological items and types of sites subject to regular looting and to assess the possibility of organizing either small or large groups of «treasure hunters» for joint search. According to the research carried out, the author concludes that there is an active propaganda for the treasure hunting activities in the social networks. The members of these groups discuss items obtained as a result of illegal search for «treasures», coordinate their efforts and hold conferences. The author thinks that effective counteractions against the treasure hunting activities necessitate the implementation of continuous monitoring and analysis of their online communities.
Сохранение историко-культурного наследия является одним из приоритетных направлений современной государственной политики Российской Федерации в области культуры. Органами власти принят целый ряд законодательных актов, направленных на обеспечение охраны памятников археологии и архитектуры. Несмотря на пристальное внимание, уделяемое данной проблеме, органы охраны памятников и археологи в последнее десятилетие часто фиксируют факты разрушений культурного слоя памятников. Все большие масштабы приобретает деятельность черных копателей, разрушающих археологические объекты в поисках артефактов. В интернет-пространстве ежегодно появляются новые ресурсы, насчитывающие более десятка тысяч подписчиков, направленные на координацию деятельности черных копателей, продажу поискового оборудования и скупку «находок». Для противодействия этому явлению и формирования бережного отношения у населения к историко-культурному наследию археологами и государственными структурами создаются интернет-сообщества. В рамках данного исследования на примере Республики Башкортостан предлагается сравнить два наиболее многочисленных сообщества «кладоискателей» и археологов, установить эффективность пропаганды не-Данные об авторе: Тузбеков Айнур Ильфатович -кандидат исторических наук, научный сотрудник отдела археологического наследия Южного Урала ИЭИ им. Р.Г. Кузеева УФИЦ РАН.Публикация выполнена в рамках госзадания, финансируемого по теме: Культурные интеграции населения Южного Урала в древности, средневековье и Новое время: факторы, динамика, модели. №АААА-А21-121012290083-9.varying types of content may result in the online community of archaeologists being an effective tool for implementing the policy of preserving and popularizing the heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation and countering the activities of ''black diggers''.
The article discusses the Kashin ceramics discovered during the excavations of the Podymalovo-1 settlement in 2019.The first classification of fragments of glazed dishes discovered at this settlement in 2017 was carried out by E.V. Kamaleev. The researcher was able to characterize 16 identified shards, on the basis of which he dated it to the end of the 13th - 14th centuries both as individual cultural strata and the studied complexes. In 2019, during the excavations carried out at the site, A.I. Tuzbekov managed to find 28 more fragments of Kashin dishes. Most of the dishes were heavily fragmented; they had lost their original appearance. However, using the classification developed by V.Yu. Kovalem for glazed ceramics, based on the principle of the primacy of the features of the function of ceramics and the technology of its production in comparison with the features of decor and morphology, the researcher was able to analyze the identified fragments, date individual layers and complexes to the middle — 2nd half of the 14th century and to draw a conclusion about the presence of trade relations of the inhabitants of the settlement with the large urban centers of the Volga region.
The paper presents the results of an archeozoological study of osteological material from the excavations at the Golden Horde settlement of Podymalovo-1 (Ufa district of the Republic of Bashkortostan) in 2019. In total, 1020 animal bones from the cultural layer and fi llings of complexes were examined. The analysis of bone material was carried out according to the methodology developed in the Laboratory of Natural Science Methods of IA RAS. Taxonomic, anatomical and age analyses of the osteological collection were carried out. According to the degree of preservation, the fragmentation index in the samples from the cultural layer and complexes do not differ and are kitchen remnants. The osteological collection included bones of mammals, birds, fi sh, as well as mollusk shells. All mammalian bones belong to domestic animals: cattle, horses, sheep or goats. The research results confi rm that the population of this settlement was engaged in animal husbandry. The anatomical composition of domestic ungulates is represented by all parts of the skeleton. This suggests that the butchering of the carcasses of these animals was carried out directly in the settlement. The meat diet was based on the meat of large ungulates, less often -small cattle. Fishing and hunting were of secondary importance in the nutrition of the population. The presence of bones with traces of processing in the complexes confi rms the existence of artisan bone-cutting production in the settlement.
The processes of the sacralization of archaeological sites in the South Urals are analysed in the context of Emir Edigey's Grave. The history of the archaeological study of the subject is considered in detail. The works of domestic and foreign authors, electronic publications, and internet video resources are being analysed. Based on personal field research held in May 2015 within the Russian Foundation for Humanities's grant for "Islam in the South Urals geographical information system", the chronology of the formation of the sacred space on the territory of historical and cultural heritage is being restored. In conclusion, the modern sacralization processes taking place on the significant site under consideration and throughout the whole South Urals are characterized.
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