In this study, four pomegranate cultivars were selected in Halabja City. Their physical properties such as peel, arils, juice, seed, and juice concentrate percentage, chemical properties, and some phenolic and sugars compounds of the juices and juices concentrate was compared among all cultivars. Of all four cultivars (Wonderful, Swra hanar, Salakhani, and Kaua hanar), Wonderful and Salakhani presented the highest pH values in juice and juice concentrate and they obtained a signififcant percentage of juice concentrate, total sugars, total anthocyanin, total phenols, and ascorbic acid. Other cultivars presented also individual properties such as high phenolic compounds were studied and interesting juice concentrate percentage content (Swra hanar cultivar) and the highest arils percentage and high amounts of fructose, sucrose, glucose, and ascorbic the acid in juice and juice concentrate content (Kaua hanar cultivar) and highest juice percentage (Wonderful cultivar). Thus, this work will help pomegranate producers in selecting the extreme appropriate cultivar depending on its final utilize, especially being convenient for fresh consumption or juice concentrate.
This study was carried out at Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State, to determine the effect of seed priming methods on the germination of Detarium microcarpum. The study was carried out in the Forestry Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture. The effectiveness of nine (9) different seed priming methods was assessed, control inclusive. Treatment 1 (TRT1) seeds were soaked in tap water for 48 hours, Treatment 2 (TRT2) seeds were mechanically scarified opposite to microphyle, treatment 3, 4, and 5 (TRT3, TRT4, TRT5) seeds were immersed in H2SO4 for 5, 10 and 15 minutes respectively, treatment 6, 7 and 8 (TRT6, TRT7 and TRT8) seeds were soaked in hot water (100oC) for 5, 10 and 15 minutes respectively and untreated seeds (CNTRL). Completely Randomized Design with three (3) replications was used. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).The result revealed that seeds of D. microcarpum subjected to TRT2, TRT4, TRT5 and TRT8 recorded with highest Final Germination Percentage (FGP 100%) and was found to differ significantly (P<0.05) with other treatment and CNTRL recorded the lowest FGP (60%).Thus, TRT2 was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the seed and germination rate of D. microcarpum with the highest FGP (100%), lowest MGT (6.67), highest GRI (15.05), highest GE (12.01), lower FDG (5.67) with maximum GI value (900). Based on the result, pre-treatment of T. indica seeds with H2SO4 is recommended for effective germination.
A field experiment was conducted at Bazian Agricultural Research Center, Sulaimani governorate in clay loam soil to investigate the effect of different irrigation systems (Furrow "F", Sprinkler "S", Drip "D", and Sub-surface drip irrigation system "SD" with three different depths (10cm-SD 10 ,25cm-SD 25 , and 40cm-SD 40 ) on irrigation water use efficiency, growth and yield of potato (SYLVANA c.v). Results showed that the total amount of water delivered from the source was significantly smaller for (SD 25 ) and (SD 40 ). Maximum water used by potato root and the higher application efficiency were observed by (SD 25 ). There are no significant differences between (SD 25 ) and (SD 40 ) in irrigation water use efficiency IWUE, while the both systems were superior significantly on the other irrigation systems in this trait.(SD 25 ) recorded the highest value and significantly dominated on other irrigation systems in many growth characteristics of potato. As well as this irrigation system (SD 25 ) was significantly increased potato yield and the percentages of yield increase were 35.5% and 27.6% compared to (F) and (S) respectively. There were no significant differences between (SD 25 ) and (D) in the average of tuber weight, while both treatments were superior significantly on the other irrigation systems. No significant different recorded between (S) and (F) for all growth and yield characteristics. Generally (SD 25 ) gave better results in water use and potato production.
The experiments were conducted in the Forestry laboratory of Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State. The studies were conducted from February 2020− March 2020 to assess the most effective method of breaking seed dormancy in Dialium guineense seeds. The seeds were subjected to four (4) pre-treatment methods (sulphuric acid, hot water, cold water and mechanical scarification) with untreated seeds as control, the experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated three (3) times. Final germination percentage (FGP), germination mean time (GMT), germination index (GRI), Coefficient Velocity of Germination (CVG) and Germination rate index (GRI) were calculated and the data was subjected to the analysis of the variance (ANOVA). Seed treated with cold water for 48 hours (Trt 1) started germination at two (2) days after sowing (DAS) and ended germination at 5 DAS, control and three of the treatments (Trt 2, Trt 5& Trt 7) started germination at 3 DAS while Trt 4 and Trt 8 started at 4 and 5 DAS respectively. FGP 100% was obtained from Control and Trt 5 and they finished Germination at 9 and 21 DAS respectively. Highest GI, GRI and CVG and lowest MGT were recorded from Trt 1. The result analysis of findings at 5% level of statistics showed that there is nosignificant difference between the treatments. Similarly, no germination on seeds in Trt 3 and Trt 6. Seeds of Dialium guineense are not limited by dormancy therefore can be sown without any pre-treatment, but for large scale production of Dialium seedlings it can be treated in cold water at room temperature for 48 hours due to availability and low cost with less risks.
From a studied to collect data for temperature degrees during 1973 until 2019 there is clear evidence that show climate change is happening in our region. The collected data showed that the average annual temperature rate has raised by almost 1.3°C, the average of warmest year for this period was recorded in 2010 and it was 21.55°C. In 2016, average temperature degree was high 20.3°C as the global worm rising the lowest temperature in this period was 16.2°C recorded in 1992.
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