a b s t r a c tIn this research, electrocoagulation (EC) was studied to investigate the efficiency of amoxicillin (AMX) antibiotic removal using iron electrodes from aqueous solution. For this purpose, a central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the operating parameters including pH (2-12), current density (5-15 mA·cm -2 ), AMX concentration (10-100 mg·L -1 ), and electrode spacing (1-3 cm). Experiments were performed in batch mode at the constant time of 35 min. The residual concentration of AMX in samples was analyzed by measuring the AMX concentration through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Further, pollutant removal, sludge generation, and energy consumption were measured and discussed through response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the removal efficiency was achieved as 80.9% under optimized levels of parameters (pH: 7.87, current density: 10.17 mA·cm -2 , AMX concentration: 50 mg·L -1 , and electrode spacing: 1.5 cm), while sludge generation and energy consumption was 70.3 ml and 7.109 kWh·m -3 , respectively. The results revealed that at same conditions of all variables just one level reduction in current density has lead to the reduction to less than half of the energy consumption.
Introduction: In the 21st century, air pollution has become a global and environmental challenge. The increase in cases of illness and mortality due to air pollution is not hidden from anyone. Therefore, in this study, we estimated the mortality rate due to cause by air pollution agents (PM2.5) in the southernmost city of Khuzestan province (Abadan city) at 2018-2019. Materials and methods: To estimate the mortality duo to air pollution, data related to PM2.5 particles daily concentrations was received from the Abadan Environmental Protection Organization. The average 24-h concentrations of PM2.5 were calculated using Excel. Then, mortality data were obtained from the Vice Chancellor for Health, Abadan University of Medical Sciences. Finally, by AirQ+ software, each of the mortality in 2018-2019 in Abadan was estimated. Results: The obtained data indicated that the concentration of PM2.5 particles within the one-year period was higher than the value set by WHO guideline and EPA standard. Which caused the citizens of Abadan to be exposed to PM2.5 more than 8.23 times than the guidelines of the WHO and 5.34 times more than the standard of the EPA. The output of the model used in this study was as follows: natural mortality (462 cases, AP: 38.25%), mortality duo to LC (6 cases, AP: 32.18%), mortality duo to COPD (8 cases, AP: 26.64%), mortality duo to Stroke (86 cases, AP: 71.26%), mortality duo to IHD (183 cases, AP: 68.34%) and mortality duo to ALRI (2 cases, AP: 32.9%). Conclusion: Planning appropriate strategies of air pollution control to reduce exposure and attributable mortalities is important and necessary.
Introduction: Perchloroethylene (PCE) is one of the most well-known chlorinated organic compounds recently detected in aqueous environments. The presence of PCE in aquatic ecosystems has caused many health problems and environmental challenges. Therefore, its removal and treatment from aqueous environments are essential. Materials and Methods: The electro-Fenton (EF) process was carried out in a cylindrical reactor containing 250 mL contaminated water with PCE. The effects of parameters, including solution pH (3-12), current density (2-10 mA cm-2), H2O2 concentration (20-70 µL H2O2 per 250 mL sample.), PCE concentration (5-50 mg L-1), and electrolysis time (1-15 min) on PCE degradation were investigated. The kinetics and radical’s scavenger of the EF process were examined to detect the exact mechanism of PCE degradation. Results: The degradation of the PCE of 98.1% was obtained in the optimum condition, including solution pH of 5, the current density of 8 mA cm-2, H2O2 concentration of 50 µL per 250 mL sample, PCE concentration of 15 mg L-1, and electrolysis time of 10 min. The kinetics studies of the EF process indicated that the obtained results were in satisfactory agreement with the first-order model (R2 = 0.9858, Kapp = 0.2822). Also, the addition of ethanol and tertiary butanol caused an inhibiting effect. Conclusion: The EF process was effectively applied to degrade PCE from polluted water as an efficient technique. The obtained results indicated that the generation of •OH throughout the EF process was the key mechanism that controlled the EF process.
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