Background and objectives: Annona squamosa (A. squamosa) is a medicinal plant, used in ethnomedicinal treatment of various ailments. However, there is a dearth of information on the chemical constituents of this plant's fruit pod and chemical parameters of the seed oil. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to determine the chemical characteristics and biological activities of extracts of the fruit pod and seed oil of A. squamosa.Methods: Crude methanol extract of the dried and pulverized fruit pod were partitioned using n-hexane and dichloromethane (DCM), the fractions concentrated in-vacuo to yield n-hexane and DCM fractions of the fruit pod. The n-hexane extract of the dried ground seed was concentrated in vacuo to afford the seed oil. The fractions and the seed oil were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. The seed oil was characterized for chemical properties using standard methods. The seed oil, crude methanol extract of seed pod and fractions were assayed for antibacterial properties using both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The seed oil was also examined for antioxidant activity. Results:The results from chemical analyses of the seed oil indicated that acid value, iodine value, saponification value and total phenol were 1.91 (as % oleic acid), 109.8 g I 2 /kg, 204.8 g KOH/kg and 36.2 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/kg, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 14, 8 and 15 compounds in n-hexane and DCM fractions of the fruit pod and seed oil, respectively. Of the compounds identified, octadec-9-enoic acid, 9,10-dehydroisolongifolene and androsterone were the most abundant. The extracts displayed broad spectrum antibacterial activity against the 13 bacterial strains tested, except for Bacillus polymyxa, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus, which were resistant to the n-hexane and DCM fractions of the fruit pod. Conclusions:The findings in this study indicated that the extracts and oil of A. squamosa contain bioactive compounds which have antibacterial and antioxidant properties, and the oil could be applied both as industrial and edible oil.
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