Jakarta has been experiencing rapid urbanization and severe housing shortage, especially for the under privileged. This condition breeds slum, or kampong in Indonesia, as solution to provide affordable housing. In the absence of right of ownership, as the basis of objective secure tenure, kampong dwellers have been delivering self-help house improvements. It proves subjective tenure security, as alternative of objective tenure security, encourages self-help housing. The research aims are identifying the general condition of landownership, the other factors of subjective tenure security that become impediment of land titling program and its implication to house condition in Kampong Cikini, Jakarta, as the research area. The information was obtained from 79 respondents by utilizing snowball technique sampling. The findings indicated only small numbers of respondents obtained right of ownership, while most of respondents claimed landownership based on documents that referred to colonial, customary and religion laws. It described inadequate knowledge of the land regulation of kampong dwellers, following by expensive and complicated procedure, as the impediment of land titling program. Escalating land price, kampong improvements programs and support from political parties become other factors that strengthen subjective tenure security which encourage self-help house improvements. This research is not only complemented the existing theory of subjective tenure security but also demonstrated how the intricate tenure security and its implication to self-help housing improvements in kampong settlement. It will useful on refining the the new implemented intervention to improve kampong without degrading formal land titling program.

Urbanization plays a critical role in changing the urban environment. Most developed countries have almost completed urbanization. However, with more and more people moving to cities, the urban environment in developing countries is undergoing significant changes. Sustainable development cannot be achieved without significant changes in building, managing, and responding to changes in the urban environment. The classified measurement and analysis of the urban environment in developing countries and the real-time understanding of the evolution and characteristics of the urban environment are of great significance for decision-makers to manage and plan cities more effectively and maintain the sustainability of the urban environment. Hence, a method readily applicable for the state-of-the-art computational analysis can help conceive the rapidly changing urban socio-environmental dynamics that can make the policy-making process even more informative and help monitor the changes almost in real-time. Based on easily accessible data from Google Earth, this work develops and proposes a new urban environment classification method focusing on formality and informality. Firstly, the method gives a new model to scrutinize the urban environment based on the buildings and their surroundings. Secondly, the method is suited for the state-of-the-art machine learning processes that make it applicable and scalable for forecasting, analytics, or computational modeling. The paper first demonstrates the model and its applicability based on the urban environment in the developing world. The method divides the urban environment into 16 categories under four classes. Then it is used to draw the urban environment classes maps of the following emerging cities: Nairobi in Kenya, Mumbai in India, Guangzhou in China, Jakarta in Indonesia, Cairo in Egypt, and Lima in Chile. Then, we discuss the characteristics of different urban environments and the differences between the same class in different cities. We also demonstrate the agility of the proposed method by showing how this classification method can be easily augmented with other data such as population per square kilometer to aid the decision-making process. This mapping should help urban designers who are working on analyzing formality and informality in the developing world. Moreover, from the application point of view, this will provide training data sets for future deep learning algorithms and automate them, help establish databases, and significantly reduce the cost of acquiring data for urban environments that change over time. The method can become a necessary tool for decision-makers to plan sustainable urban spaces in the future to design and manage cities more effectively.

In this paper, population distribution and aging in future in Jakarta are estimated with organizing the raw data of population census.Through the comparison of those in Tokyo, it reveals that:・In central areas with high density, mostly informal settlements, the overcrowded problem might decrease but aging problem will increase.・In some growing suburban areas, both the densification and the rise of elder population will be problematic, which would require adequate policy. アジアメガシティ，人口分布，高齢化 1. はじめに 人口 1 千万人以上を抱えるメガシティの数は増加傾向にあり、特 に途上国のメガシティは今後も人口増加が予想される。メガシティ が最も多く存在しているのがアジア諸国である 1) 。各都市は目先の 都市課題への対応を迫られ、交通などインフラや住宅地整備に追わ れている。他方、長期的に見ると、アジア諸国では、日本並みかそ れ以上のスピードで高齢化が進行するといわれている 2)3)4) 。巨大な 人口規模を有するアジア諸国のメガシティでは、膨大な人口が一気 に高齢者となることが容易に想像できる。現在急速に進むインフラ 整備や都市開発は、やがて訪れる高齢化社会を考慮しなければなら ない 5) 。例えば、医療・福祉など高齢化にともないニーズの高まる 公共サービスを見越して、 現在進行中の開発が行なわれるとしたら、 将来予見される都市問題の低減につながり、その意義は大きい。都 市の空間的な人口分布やその将来予測は、長期的に都市を見通すに あたり、重要な基盤情報のひとつである。しかしながら、広大なメ ガシティの都市圏を網羅する比較的ミクロな空間単位 注 1) の人口統 計データの整備・分析は、途上国のメガシティにおいて挑戦的な課 題となっている。 世界のメガシティの人口分布特性 注 2) による類型化を試みた先行 研究 6) では、世界の他地域と比較したアジア諸都市 注 3) の特徴的な空 間的人口分布が明らかにされた。具体的なその特徴とは、人口密度 が低密から高密の両極端の地域が存在し、人口の空間的な分布は集 約的ではなく分散的であるという特徴である。本研究の対象地とし たジャカルタは、低密から非常に高密な地域に人々が生活している 点がアジア諸都市と共通する。比較対象である東京は、低密から中 密の地域に人口が分布しており、アジアにおいてはやや特異な都市 である。同研究において人口分布特性の把握は一時点に限られ、空 間的人口分布の将来予測に至っていない。将来起こりうる都市問題 に備えるためにも、各都市の将来的な人口分布特性の変化の予測が 不可欠となる。 先行して高齢化を経験している東京を含むわが国の大都市におい て、高齢化率の偏在や高齢者の空間的偏在を把握・将来予測するこ との重要性が指摘されている 7)8) 。さらに、人口急増時代の東京と は異なり、アジア諸国のメガシティは現在、格差・分極化、環境問 題など今日的都市課題に直面している 5)9) 。郊外住宅地開発が急ピ ッチで進む一方、中心部インフォーマル貧困地区が過密化し、郊外 インフォーマル貧困地区が拡大している 5)10)11) 。これに将来高齢化 が加わって、どこでどのような問題を引き起こすかを可能な限り具 体的に想像しておくことが重要である。 以上の課題および背景より、 本研究では、 以下 1)-3)に示す通り、 データ整備および将来予測を基に、ジャカルタの将来の人口分布と 高齢化の特徴を明らかにすることを目的とする。 1) インドネシアの首都、ジャカルタを対象として、2 時点における 詳細な空間単位別、年齢別の人口データを、センサス個票を基に *総合地球環境学研究所 プロジェクト研究員・博士(工学)

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The largest human agglomerations in the world, headed by Tokyo, are found in Asia, especially in monsoon climate zones. If we start from the premise that they are 'cities', there must be something that makes them work as cities. In the present paper this 'something' is defined as 'public space'; taking Tokyo and Edo as an example, we explore this public space and how it differs from that of Europe's squares and streets.The paper first analyzes the network of narrow alleys. The concept of oku is introduced to show how public space of subjective depth materializes in this web of narrow passageways.Second, the question of public space corresponding to the scale of Asian megacities is explored. Hiroba, the Japanese term for square, can be understood as a dynamic process rather than a static, physical place. The hiroba emerges by hiroba-ing through spontaneous citizen action. Seasonal festivals amplify the effect of hiroba-ing and have a magic that temporarily transforms spaces into huge meeting places accessible to all.The public space in monsoon Asia is a subjective space with a dynamic dimension toward oku that implies awe of nature.

“Megacity Skeleton” is a housing prototype project aimed at improving the urban living environment. The project site is located at Kampong Cikini, a high‐density informal settlement situated in the center of Jakarta Megacity. Although this kind of area is always at risk of slum clearance owing to its poor hygiene and environmental conditions, it has fostered attractive lifestyles with a low global environmental load and rich co‐help systems among the intimate community over time. Our challenge is to propose a new approach to sustain urban regeneration through a series of micro architectural interventions respecting the existing urban structure and social capital. The proposed architecture “Megacity Skeleton” is clearly constituted by the skeleton and the skin. This concept ensures the future basic living environment by controlling the “possibility” and “impossibility” of DIY construction by residents.

In Leipzig, to cope with massive depopulation, Conceptual District Plans for the inner-city districts, West and East, were formulated in the early 2000's. And also "temporary greens" were induced. This survey reveals that 1/4 of "temporary greens" which had been created in those districts shifted to permanent use. In the West, where the population increased, redevelopments of houses on "temporary greens" occurred. In the East, where the population remained stable, "temporary greens" shifted to permanent green spaces. The "temporary greens" have been playing a significant role in inducing flexible spatial reorganization in a city with a highly uncertain future. Temporary Use, Shrinking City, Leipzig, Inner city , , 1)2) 3)4)5)6) 90 7)8)9) 10)11)12)13) 1990 Perforierte Stadt 14)15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20)21) Bernt 22) Florentin 23) Rink Siemund 24) 20 2 3 4

The study reports and analyzes Centro Cultural Project, an international design-build project in which universities from U.S., Germany and Japan collaborated with local architects and NGO to build a culture center in Chamanga, Ecuador for a community damaged from the 2016 earthquake. The project is divided into two phases led by two different universities and through comparative analysis focusing on their process, education, construction methods and participation, difficulties to balance architectural education and community engagement were revealed. However, it was also found that introducing a construction method with simplicity and locality may break thought such dilemma of design-build project.