Introduction
The purpose of this study was to determine whether F‐waves reveal electrophysiological features of anterior horn cells in polio survivors.
Methods
Forty‐three polio survivors and 20 healthy controls underwent motor nerve conduction studies of the median and tibial nerves bilaterally, including sampling of F‐waves elicited by 100 stimuli and the determination of motor unit number estimation (MUNE).
Results
A significant increase in abnormally stereotyped (“repeater”) F–waves and a reduction of F‐wave persistence were observed in both nerves in the polio group as compared with the control group. Repeater F‐waves had a negative correlation with MUNE.
Conclusions
These trends in F‐wave persistence and repeater F‐waves after motor unit loss are characteristic findings in polio survivors. Repeater F‐waves are a sign of motor unit pathology.
Muscle Nerve
51
:680–685, 2015
IgLON family proteins, including limbic-associated membrane protein (LAMP), opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule (OBCAM), neurotrimin, and Kilon, are immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily cell adhesion molecules. These molecules are composed of three Ig domains and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and contain six or seven potential N-glycosylation sites. Although their glycosylations are supposed to be associated with the development of the central nervous system like other Ig superfamily proteins, they are still unknown because of difficulty in isolating individual proteins with a high degree of homology in performing carbohydrate analysis. In this study, we conducted simultaneous site-specific glycosylation analysis of rat brain IgLON proteins by liquid chromatography and multiple-stage mass spectrometry (LC-MS ( n )). The rat brain GPI-linked proteins were enriched and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The four proteins were extracted from the gel, and subjected to LC-MS ( n ) after proteinase digestions. A set of glycopeptide MS data, including the mass spectrum, the mass spectrum in the selected ion monitoring mode, and the product ion spectra, was selected from all data based on carbohydrate-related ions in the MS/MS spectrum. The peptide portion and the carbohydrate structure were identified on the basis of peptide-related ion and carbohydrate-related ions, and the accurate mass. The site-specific glycosylations of four proteins were elucidated as follows. N-Glycans near the N-terminal were disialic acid-conjugated complex- and hybrid-type oligosaccharides. The first Ig domains were occupied by Man-5-9. Diverse oligosaccharides, including Lewis a/x-modified glycans, a brain-specific glycan known as BA-2, and Man-5, were found to be attached to the third Ig domain. Three common structures of glycans were found in the GPI moiety of LAMP, OBCAM, and neurotrimin.
We investigated the change of radioactive cesium content in food due to cooking in order to estimate the internal radiation exposure due to from radioactive materials in food. Our results revealed that soaking dry shiitake in water decreased the radioactive cesium content by about 50 , compared with that present in uncooked shiitake. Radioactive cesium in beef was decreased by about 10 , 12 , 60-65 and 80 by grilling, frying, boiling and stewing, respectively, compared to uncooked beef. For cooked beef, the decrease in the ratio of radioactive cesium was significantly different among the types of cooking. The decrease ratio of radioactive cesium in boiled and stewed beef was 8 times higher than that in grilled and fried beef.
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