This study investigates motion in a crowd of pedestrians walking at different speeds. Three pedestrian groups are considered (slow walkers , normal walkers, and fast walkers), and we design the experimental condition by mixing the normal walkers with either the slow or the fast walkers to create flows with different speed compositions. All the walkers in this experiments were instructed to walk along a circular course unidirectionally. Fundamental diagrams and multiple regression analysis show that the speed at which a particular pedestrian walks is determined by both the local density and the speed at which the surrounding pedestrians are walking. We also find that the spontaneous lane formation, that occurs in bidirectional flow, does not occur in flow in which the speed is heterogeneous, thereby resulting in a spatial density distribution with large variance. This corresponds to pedestrian clustering, which reduces both the mean speed and the flow rate.
Glucanotransferases that can synthesize cyclo-{→6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→} (CI4) from dextran were purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant of Agreia sp. D1110 and Microbacterium trichothecenolyticum D2006. The molecular mass of both enzymes was estimated to be 86 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The glucanotransferase, named CI4-forming enzyme, from Agreia sp. exhibited the highest activity at pH 6.0 and 40 °C. The enzyme was stable on the pH range of 4.6-9.9 and up to 40 °C. On the other hand, the enzyme from M. trichothecenolyticum exhibited the highest activity at pH 5.7 and 40 °C. The enzyme was stable on the pH range of 5.0-6.9 and up to 35 °C. Both enzymes catalyzed 4 reactions, namely, intramolecular α-1,6-transglycosylation (cyclization), intermolecular α-1,6-transglycosylation, hydrolysis of CI4, and coupling reaction. Furthermore, the CI4-forming enzyme produced CI4 from α-1,6-linked glucan synthesized from starch by 6-α-glucosyltransferase. These findings will enable the production of CI4 from starch.
An electronic pseudocolor encoder based on the principle of optical method is described. The system can perform pseudocolor encoding in real-time. A compact hand-held system consisting of monochrome CCD camera, electronics, and a liquid crystal display in a housing is presented. Example for optical testing is given.
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