Traffic flow in a crowd of pedestrians walking at different speeds

Fujita, Akihiro; Feliciani, Claudio; Yanagisawa, Daichi; Nishinari, Katsuhiro

doi:10.1103/physreve.99.062307

Cited by 39 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…In addition, the resulting density and movement speed are sensitive to the position of the measurement area and a valid time interval for the analysis. Nevertheless, the described methods are a proven approach for analysis and have been used in many prior studies, for instance in Germany, 4,53,54,57–71 Australia 72–77 Japan, 78–80 Palestine 81 and China 31–33,82,83 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of individual impairments in crowd dynamics

et al. 2020

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Summary The importance of empirical relations to quantify the movement of pedestrians through a facility has increased during the last decades since performance‐based design methods became more common. Bottlenecks are of special interest because of their importance for egress routes and as they result in a reduced capacity. The empirical relations as the density‐dependent movement speed or flow rate were derived by studies under laboratory conditions, which were usually conducted with populations of homogeneous characteristics for better control of influencing variables. If individual characteristics of a crowd become more heterogeneous, individuals were forced to adapt their individual movement and control individual manoeuvring. These unintended interactions lead to a different shape of the fundamental empirical relations. Here, we present results from a movement study under well‐controlled boundary conditions in which participants with and without different characteristics of disabilities participated. To consider the effect of different heterogeneities on the capacity of a facility, fundamental diagrams are generated using the Voronoi method. If participants with visible disabilities (such as using assistive devices) are part of a crowd, significant differences relating to the shape of the empirical relations and the capacities are found. This indicates that the heterogeneity of a population leads to an increased interpersonal interaction which results in influenced movement characteristics.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of individual impairments in crowd dynamics

et al. 2020

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“…Generally, these two parameters are important in the field of pedestrian dynamics as indicated by the multitude of related contributions. Just to name a few, Bode [10], Kurtc et al [19], Dietrich et al [17], Corbetta et al [12], and Fujita et al [40] address the pedestrians' speed or number, albeit in a different context or with different methods. It would be interesting to take more parameters into account.…”

Section: Uncertain Input Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of a Simulated Demonstration March: An Efficient Sensitivity Analysis

et al. 2021

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Protest demonstrations are a manifestation of fundamental rights. Authorities are responsible for guiding protesters safely along predefined routes, typically set in an urban built environment. Microscopic crowd simulations support decision-makers in finding sustainable crowd management strategies. Planning routes usually requires knowledge about the length of the demonstration march. This case study quantifies the impact of two uncertain parameters, the number of protesters and the standard deviation of their free-flow speeds, on the length of a protest march through Kaiserslautern, Germany. Over 1000 participants walking through more than 100,000 m2 lead to a computationally demanding model that cannot be analyzed with a standard Monte Carlo ansatz. We select and apply analysis methods that are efficient for large topographies. This combination constitutes the main novelty of this paper: We compute Sobol’ indices with two different methods, based on polynomial chaos expansions, for a down-scaled version of the original set-up and compare them to Monte Carlo computations. We employ the more accurate of the approaches for the full-scale scenario. The global sensitivity analysis reveals a shift in the governing parameter from the number of protesters to the standard deviation of their free-flow speeds over time, stressing the benefits of a time-dependent analysis. We discuss typical actions, for example floats that reduce the variation of the free-flow speed, and their effectiveness in view of the findings.

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“…To each pedestrian we associate an elliptical 16 "leg swing space", with semi-axes A l and B l . A l is given by half of the pedestrian maximum linear extension (for a circular body with radius R, A l = R; for an elliptical body with semi-axes A > B, A l = A), while B l is a parameter of the model that represents half of the leg swing length.…”

Section: D13 Step Overlap Termmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All the above cases are obviously very interesting and still present open questions. Even the behaviour in a simple corridor is not completely understood; see for example many works discussing conditions causing the observed variations in fundamental diagrams (density/velocity relations) [15,16,17]. Furthermore, when a second, opposite, flow is allowed, the dynamics becomes considerably more complex, and possibly not completely feasible to be analysed in controlled experiments (due to social norms on walking sides [18], stronger influence of social groups [19], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis and modelling of macroscopic and microscopic dynamics of a pedestrian cross-flow

Zanlungo¹,

Feliciani²,

Yücel³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In this work we investigate the behaviour of a human crowd in a cross-flow. In the first part of our work we analyse the results of a set of controlled experiments in which subjects were divided into two groups, organised in such a way to explore different density settings, and asked to walk through the crossing area. We study the results of the experiment by defining and analysing a few macroscopic and microscopic observables. Along with analysing traditional indicators such as density and velocity, whose dynamics was, to the extent of our knowledge, poorly understood for this setting, we pay particular attention to walking and body orientation, studying how these microscopic observables are influenced by density. Furthermore, we report a preliminary but quantitative analysis on the emergence of self-organising patterns (stripes) in the crossing area, a phenomenon that had been previously qualitatively reported for human crowds, and reproduced in models, but whose quantitative analysis (in particular with respect to density conditions) is, again according to our knowledge, a novel contribution.In the second part of our work, we try to reproduce the empirical results using a hierarchy of models, which differ in the details of the body shape (using a disk-shaped body vs a more realistic elliptical shape) and in how collision avoiding is performed (using only information regarding "centre of mass" distance and velocity, or actually introducing body shape information). We verified that the most detailed model (i.e., using body shape information and an elliptical body) outperforms in a significant way the simplest one (using only centre of mass distance and velocity, and disk-shaped bodies). Furthermore, we observed that if elliptical bodies are introduced without introducing such information in collision avoidance, the performance of the model is relatively poor. Nevertheless, the difference between the different models is relevant only in describing the "tails" of the observable distributions, suggesting that the more complex models could be of practical use only in the description of high density settings. Although we did not calibrate our model in order to reproduce the "stripe formation" self-organising pattern, we verified that it naturally emerges in all models.

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Traffic flow in a crowd of pedestrians walking at different speeds

Cited by 39 publications

References 29 publications

The influence of individual impairments in crowd dynamics

The influence of individual impairments in crowd dynamics

Dynamics of a Simulated Demonstration March: An Efficient Sensitivity Analysis

Analysis and modelling of macroscopic and microscopic dynamics of a pedestrian cross-flow

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