Silk waste which is a byproduct of silk reeling consists mainly of silk proteins such as sericin and fibroin. Although silk waste has a high N content (164 g kg-I) and low CjN ratio (2.16), net N mineralization in soil at 30"C under aerobic conditions was very slow (21.4% in 184 d). The N mineralization rate of silk waste applied to soil after hydrolysis with HCI was higher than that of untreated silk waste. The effect of hydrolysis with 0.2 M HCI for 60 min at 9TC on the net N mineralization for 56 d was twice as high as that with 1 M HCI for 60 min at 9TC. Molecular mass distribution of silk proteins shifted to the lower range by hydrolysis, whose effect with 1 M HCI was more pronounced than that with 0.2 M HCl. The content of the crystal region in silk protein was estimated to be approximately 45% based on the relationship between the reaction (acid hydrolysis) time and the weight of insoluble residues. X-ray diffraction patterns of these residues showed that the crystal structure persisted until at least 180 min after hydrolysis with 1 M HCI at 9TC. These results suggest that crystal regions and the scattered distribution in silk proteins inhibit the decomposition of silk waste in soil. Silk waste could thus be utilized as slow-release fertilizer.Key Words: crystallinity, N mineralization, silk waste, slow-release fertilizer.Silk waste is a byproduct of silk reeling and a residual part of cocoon. It mainly consists of silk proteins such as sericin and fibroin, whose N content is very high, and it could be utilized as N fertilizer. It is expected however that, since fibroin is characterized by a hydrophobic crystal structure of stacked polypeptide chains (Lucas and Rudall 1968), the decomposition of silk waste in soil is different from that of other noncrystalline biomaterials.An organic material with a lower CjN ratio is more decomposable in soil than that with a higher CjN ratio when subjected to the same conditions (Janssen 1996). N mineralization rate of plant residues is adversely affected by the lignin and polyphenol contents as well as low N content (Vallis and Jones 1973;Sivapalan and Fernando 1985;Fox et al. 1990;Palm and Sanchez 1991;Oglesby and Fownes 1992;Constantinides and Fownes 1994). Although silk waste consists mainly of protein and has a lower C/N ratio, it is decomposed more slowly, since the crystal structure of silk protein makes the silk waste resistant to decomposition.In this study, the N mineralization pattern of silk waste in soil was examined under aerobic conditions. In order to analyze the mineralization pattern, silk waste was hydrolyzed 234 A. MURASE and K. YONEBAYASHI with dilute HCl to decompose the molecular structure and the physicochemical properties of original silk waste and hydrolyzed residues were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODSSilk waste sample. Silk waste was provided by SILK KOGEl Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan (Fig. 1). Pupae were separated from silk waste (cocoons). The content of the pupae in the silk waste was approximately 40%.N content and C/N ratio. Nand C con...
The fertilizer efficiency of silk waste for planting of bulbous plants in construction byproduct as a planting ground were examined and compared with two commercial controlled release fertilizers, isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) and polyolefin-coated fertilizer. Silk waste mainly consists of silk proteins, which has high N content and is decomposed slowly in soil. Five species of bulbous plant, Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis, Lycoris albiflora, Allium chinense, Muscari armeniacum and Oxalis variabilis, were planted with each of the three fertilizers. No maintenance was carried out, except for weeding once during the experimental period. The silk waste was decomposed continuously for about 400 days, which indicated that the silk waste had fertilizer efficiency for not less than 400 days under the conditions used in this study. In the second growing season after planting, all plants grown with the silk waste or IBDU were larger than those grown without any fertilizers, except for 0. variabilis, which was hardly viable until the second season. In the case of A. chinense and M. armeniacum, no or little effects of fertilizer were seen on growth with polyolefin-coated fertilizer. Regardless of the type of fertilizer or the degree of plant growth, the ratios of green coverage, determined by image analysis, were equally increased relative to those without fertilizer, except for A. chinense and M. armeniacum with polyolefin-coated fertilizer. N. tazetta var. chinensis with IBDU had many thin leaves of daughter bulbs, which indicated that the division of bulbs occurred during the first growing season due to the excess N released from IBDU. The weight of M. armeniacum with IBDU was smaller than that with the silk waste, which suggested that salt damage occurred in the first growing season resulting in the depression of fertilizer efficiency or that the fertilizer efficiency of the silk waste was higher than that of IBDU in the second growing season. These results suggested that silk waste was an efficacious fertilizer in planting under these conditions.
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