Oligohydramnios is a threatening condition to fetal health and is associated with increased fetal morbidity. These conditions are often missed and patient may not seek appropriate treatment at appropriate time that often increases risk of numerous conditions. Early detection of oligohydramnios and its management may help in reduction of perinatal morbidity and mortality one side and decreased caesarean deliveries on the other side.A search in Google scholar, PubMed, Medline, EMBASE was performed using key words. Inclusion criteria for articles selection were singleton pregnancy, definition of olgohydramnios as AFI <5 cm, AF assessment at 37-42 gestational weeks. The searched revealed numerous research articles which is further refined. It is found that oligohydramnios is associated with Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR), small for gestational age (SGA), prolonged labour, caesarian section (C/S) for fetal distress (FD), meconium stained liquor, Low Apgar score and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission.Women with oligohydramnios are associated with higher fetal risk but can expect a safe delivery and good outcome for which proper fetal surveillance and regular Antenatal care (ANC) visits are required.
Background: Breast milk and colostrums are the first feeding sources for infant, providing nutrients, growth factors and immunological components. So we conducted this study to compare the growth pattern of neonates on breast feed versus formula feed.
ExtrapulmonaryTuberculosis is high, challenging the clinicians to make correct diagnosis. Microscopy, culture and fine needle aspiration cytology have their limitations in regard to specificity and sensitivity. In this report, polymerase chain reaction is used for detecting and distinguishing Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis. A case of retropharyngeal abscess was selected from which pus was collected which was negative for microscopy and culture in routine microbiology as well as mycobacteriology. Cytopathological examination was also negative. Polymerase chain reaction was applied to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific IS6110 gene. The patients responded with anti-tuberculosis treatment well. Polymerase chain reaction was introduced for diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis since it can be done within hours, monitor therapy and also differentiate Mycobacterium tuberculosis from other Mycobacterial species.
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