Wetland water and acid mine drainage are available in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. However, "Wetland saline water (WSW)" phenomena occur in the wetland areas due to the seawater intrusion, this water which contains a high salt concentration is unsafe to be consumed. While acid mine drainage (AMD) pollution becomes an issue in the mining industry that impact human life and the environment. Salt particles could be removed by using a silica pectin membrane. Banana peel has a high pectin substance. Banana pectin (0.5wt% and 0.1wt%) was employed in silica and calcined at 300 and 400 °C. We demonstrate the silica pectin template's performance without interlayer for wetland water and acid mine drainage desalination. Membranes were developed through a sol-gel method with silica source deposited from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and performed by pervaporation at room temperature (~25 °C). As a result, 0.5wt% banana pectin concentration at 300 °C exhibited excellent performance with the highest water fluxes are 8.4 and 10.4 kg m −2 h −1 for WSW and AMD, respectively. Nevertheless, both membranes achieved high salt rejections up to 92%. Thereby, banana pectin as a carbon source impacts the stronger silica bond.
Abstract. Akhbar, Nuryanti S, Naharuddin. 2020. Spatial distrubution and habitat characteristics of Macadamia hildebrandii in the Sintuwu Maroso Protection Forest, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 770-779. Research on the spatial distribution of Macadamia hildebrandii Steen (haleka) tree species is one of the important stages in the preservation of Sulawesi's endemic plants. The purpose of this research was to obtain information regarding the spatial distribution of M. hildebrandii in the area of Sintuwu Maroso Forest Management Unit, Central Sulawesi and the relationship between its occurrence with habitat characteristics in term of land and climate variables. Data was collected by establishing sampling plots using stratified systematic sampling based on land cover, namely primary and secondary dryland forests. Index of dispersion was used to calculate the distance between population while the chi-square test was used to investigate the relationship between M. hildebrandii population and variables of land and climate. The results showed that the M. hildebrandii trees mostly grew in the mountain rain zone ecosystem, clumped in groups according to the characteristics of the dominant natural habitat. The important characteristics of its habitat were it had red-yellow podzolic-lithosol soil type, altitude of ≥ 1,500 m asl, slope class of ≥ 25%, middle slope aspect, tineba volcano rock formation (which is volcanic sedimentary rocks), metamorphic parent material, secondary dryland forests, and rainfall of 1,600-2,000 mm/year. The results of study can be used as baseline information for the conservation and sustainable utilization, including cultivation, of M. hildebrandii especially in the montane zone of rain forest ecosystem in Sulawesi.
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