The Nigerian socio-political environment influences press freedom with adverse implications for education, information, entertainment and surveillance. A theoretical recognition of the press as the "fourth estate" connotes the capacity of the press to monitor the tiers of government (the legislature, the executive and the judiciary). However, the state monitors the press in Nigeria in a manner that negates the principle of the fourth estate. This article examines the repression of press freedom in Nigerian democratic dispensations. Using questionnaires and indepth interviews, data were drawn from 440 members of staff of selected print and electronic press organisations in Lagos and Oyo states of Nigeria. Results showed that although the press facilitated the development of democracy, challenges to press freedom were frequent. Respondents largely confirmed that the press kept the public informed, entertained and enlightened, and it set standards and established values for public conduct. The findings showed that the proposed Freedom of Information Bill (FIB) would empower the press and promote democracy in Nigeria if passed into law and implemented. Therefore, it was recommended that press organisations should pursue their professionalism and the ethics of journalism rather than succumb to socio-political forces influencing the quantity and quality of information made available to the public. Political leaders in Nigeria should accommodate public opinion and press reports on necessities for socioeconomic development before making any public interest decision. RésuméL'environnement sociopolitique nigérian influence la liberté de la presse avec des implications adverses pour l'éducation, l'information, le divertissement et la surveillance. Une reconnaissance théorique de la presse comme le « quatrième pouvoir » connote la capacité de celle-ci à surveiller les niveaux de gouvernement (le pouvoir législatif, le pouvoir exécutif et le pouvoir judiciaire). Cependant, l'État au Nigeria surveille la presse d'une manière qui nie le principe de quatrième pouvoir. Cette étude examine la répression de la liberté de la presse dans les dispensations démocratiques nigérianes. Utilisant des questionnaires et des entretiens approfondis, des données ont été obtenues auprès de 440 membres du personnel d'organismes choisis de presse écrite et de presse électronique dans les États de Lagos et d'Oyo au Nigeria. Les résultats ont montré que bien que la presse ait facilité le développement de la démocratie, la liberté de la presse était fréquemment confrontée à des défis. Les répondants ont largement confirmé que la presse continuait d'informer, de divertir et d'éclairer le public, et elle fixait des normes et établissait des valeurs pour le comportement du public. Les résultats ont montré que le Projet de loi sur la liberté d'information -Freedom of Information Bill (FIB) -proposé habiliterait la presse et promouvrait la démocratie au Nigeria s'il est adopté et mis en oeuvre. Par conséquent, il a été recommandé que les organismes de pre...
The study examines the modalities for integrating traditional and modern conflict management strategies in Nigeria using an analysis of relevant documents as well as Black's Social Control Theory and Thomas-Kilmann's Model of Conflict Management. The successful amalgamation of diverse groups has radically shifted from being a platform for peaceful coexistence to an arena of violent conflicts due to the matrix of social inequality and the state attempts to undermine the power of traditional social control systems. The police and military have been used to suspend several violent conflicts in Nigeria, but they have been unable to build peace despite their coercive power. The social structure
Africa is urgently in need of adequate basic infrastructure and housing, and it is one of the continents where massive construction activities are on the rise. There is a vast variety of potentially viable resources for sustainable construction on the continents, and consequently, the continent can bring innovative, greener technologies based on local sources effectively into practice. However, unlike established concrete constituents from industrialised countries in the global North, most of the innovation potentials from the African continent have not yet been the focus of intensive fundamental and applied research. This clearly limits the implementation of more sustainable local technologies. This paper presents a case for the need to first appreciate the rich diversity and versatility of the African continent which is often not realistically perceived and appreciated. It discusses specific innovation potentials and challenges for cementitious materials and concrete technology based on local materials derived from sources on the African continent. The unique African materials solutions are presented and discussed, from mineral binders over chemical admixtures and fibres to reinforcement and aggregates. Due to the pressing challenges faced by Africa, with regards to population growth and urbanisation, the focus is not only put on the technological (durability, robustness and safety) and environmental sustainability, but also strongly on socio-economic applicability, adaptability and scalability. This includes a review of alternative, traditional and vernacular construction technologies such as materials-saving structures that help reducing cementitious materials. Eventually, a strategic research roadmap is hypothesised that points out the most relevant potentials and research needs for quick implementation of more localised construction materials.
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