Fungal species associated with three (Vitis vinifera L.)cultivars exhibited decline grown in the main grapevine production area in Salahaldin province, middle Iraq were surveyed during 2012-2013. Based on microscopical and cultural characteristics, a total of 24 species in addition to non-sporulating mycelia were identified. The most frequently isolated fungi from shoots were Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Cadophora spp., Clonostachys rosea, Penicillium spp. Phaeoacremonium sp. I, Neocytalidium dimidiatum and Stachybotrys atra, whereas, Fusarium spp., Acremonium sp., Cylindrocladiella viticola, Cylindrocarpon spp., and Phaeoacremonium sp. 2, were the most frequently isolated fungi from roots. C. viticola is recorded for the first time from Iraq.

Introns qualify as Noncoding nucleotide sequences. In splicing, some segments of the RNA transcript (introns) are eliminated, the other segments (exons) are joining together in the formation of the coding RNAs (mRNA, rRNA and tRNA). Also, Non-coding RNA genes are parts of the intronic. On average, there are 7.8 introns and 8.8 exons per human gene. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are existed in the various positions through the human gene, promoters, alternating regions of exons and introns, terminator, in addition to UTRs, untranslated regions (5'- and 3'-).Therefore, many diseases have been associated with SNPs through different mechanisms. In the current review, we will discuss the several genetic and epigenetic regulations included in identifying disease susceptibility linked to numerous SNPs existing in the intronic region.

Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder, an expression of a defect in the gene that is responsible for the production of LDL-C receptor. The current study was designed to determine the FH patients in the city of Sulaymaniyah for both sexes. The study included 213 samples, the number of males was 99 and the number of females was 114, both sexes ranged from (30-79) years. The results of cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL-C) in patients with hypercholesterolemia showed highly significant (P ˂ 0.01) for cholesterol and triglyceride in patients with compared healthy people. (HDL-C and LDL-C) showed a significant decrease (P ˂ 0.01) in the concentration of HDL-C in patients with hypercholesterolemia compared to their level of concentration in healthy individuals, in relation to low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) -C is the other (P ˂ 0.01) in the concentration level in patients with hypercholesterolemia compared to the level of concentration of healthy.As concerns the effect of hypercholesterolemia on coronary heart disease, the results showed a significant increase (P ˂ 0.01) in cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C with a significant decrease in HDL-C concentration in people with heart disease compared with healthy people.

The PCR-based technique of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to fingerprint and assess the genetic relatedness among nine species of the fungus Alternaria isolated from various crop plants showing the leaf spot disease in Mosul, Iraq. Genomic DNA of each species was extracted at a final concentration of 300-400 µg / 2-3 g of wet mycelium , and at a purity of 1.6-1.8. Each DNA sample was amplified with each of 22 primers and the products were resolved electrophoretically on 1.2% agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide and photographed under UV. One Primer failed to support amplification but the remaining 21 (95.5%) primers produced a total of 112 bands (2-10 per primer) across the nine species. Of these bands, 100 (1-10 per primer) were polymorphic. The least efficient primer was OP-H01 (1.79%), while the most efficient one weas OP-M05 (8.93 %). Primers OP-C05, OP-E20 and OP-T20 had the lowest (0.1%) discriminatory power while primer OP-M05 had the highest (10 %) power and identified all 9 species through unique patterns of banding. RAPD analysis fingerprinted eight of the nine isolates through marker bands with one or more of the 21 primers. Cluster analysis based on the genetic distances split the nine species into three distinct clusters with no obvious association between the pattern of clustering of the species and their host specificities.

Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is autosomal codominant disease Characterized by elevated LDL Cholesterol and Early Coronary Artery disease. (FH) is commonly caused by mutations in the three genes: The Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein B (apoB), Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin ⁄ Kexin type 9 (PCSK9). The current study aimed to identify mutations in people with homozygous genotypes that affect protein binding causing defects and to ensure that these conditions are diagnosed through important molecular tests through the early intervention of the apoptoprotein gene (apoB) for the R3500Q mutagenic of healthy individuals not associated with hypercholesterolemia (FH) in Sulaymaniyah through the conduct of the polymer chain reaction system and Restrication enzyme genotyping. The study included determination of the polymorphism of genes associated with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The molecular study included the genetic analysis of (50) samples of the R3500Q mutation of the apoB gene, after adding the ScaI enzyme, showed there three genotype: were four cases found Homozygous to be one bundle (S+ ⁄ S+) (143 bp), a one case compound heterozygous (S- ⁄ S+) model are two bundle ( 143 bp, 90 bp) and a fourty-five cases had mutant  Homozygous (S- ⁄ S-)  model  of  the  one  bundle  (90 bp), all the R3500Q mutations were found on the same allele.                                           the study also included the R3500Q mutation of the apoB gene and Its relation to the studied traits, there was a significant increase in the 0.01 for cholesterol, TG and LDL for patients with hypercholesterolemia was mean (235.61 mg ⁄ dl, 321.83 mg ⁄ dl and 330.90 mg ⁄ dl) respectively , compared to healthy pateints with mean (172.15 mg ⁄ dl , 109.88 mg ⁄ dl and 77.1 mg  ⁄ dl).