The main objective of this research is to analyze the effect of depreciation and real exchange rate appreciation on Indonesia's tourism trade balance bilaterally against Australia, China, Japan, Malaysia, and Singapore. Such analysis on bilateral relations have never been studied for developing markets countries, namely Indonesia. This study uses a linear ARDL approach and a nonlinear ARDL approach with the dependent variable on the tourism trade balance and the real exchange rate as independent variables. Income, foreign direct investment (FDI), and natural disasters as control variables. The empirical results show that Chinese and Japanese tourists respond positively to the depreciation in the real currency rate of exchange, thereby increasing Indonesia's tourism trade balance. Nonlinear ARDL shows that the relation concerning the real rate of exchange plus the balance of trade is non-symmetrical with respect to China and Japan, while Australia, Malaysia, and Singapore are symmetrical. These results suggest that the government should formulate policies to increase tourist visits from China and Japan. Further empirical results also found a J-curve pattern in Indonesia-China and Indonesia-Japan.
Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penggunaan lahan eksisting Tahun 2017 di Kecamatan Lembah Seulawah dengan rencana tata ruang di Kecamatan Lembah Seulawah tahun 2012-2032. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa analisis penggunaan lahan eksisting Tahun 2017 di Kecamatan Lembah Seulawah menghasilkan delapan kelas penggunaan lahan yaitu: hutan, sawah, pertanian lahan kering, semak belukar, waduk, sungai, permukiman dan tanah terbuka. Adapun, Penggunaan lahan terbesar adalah penggunaaan lahan hutan sebesar 12.058,68 ha (38%) dan penggunaan lahan terkecil adalah penggunaan lahan waduk sebesar 1 ha (0,003%). Sedangkan Keselarasan penggunaan lahan eksisting 2017 berdasarkan rencana tata ruang Kecamatan Lembah Seulawah tahun 2012-2032 sebesar 30.523,44 ha (95,41%), sedangkan yang tidak selaras sebesar 1.469,09 ha (4,59 %).Abstract. This study attempts to analyze the existing land use in 2017 in Lembah Seulawah District based on spatial planning in Lembah Seulawah District in 2012-2032. This research uses a descriptive method. The results of this research indicate that the analysis of existing land use in the Year of 2017 in Lembah Seulawah District produces eight classes of land use namely: forest, rice fields, dryland farming, shrubs, reservoirs, river, settlements and open land. The largest land use is forest land use of 12,058.68 ha (38%) and the smallest land use is reservoir land use of 1 ha (0.003%). The alignment of existing land use 2017 based on spatial planning of Lembah Seulawah sub-district in 2012-2032 amounted to 30,523.44 ha (95,41%), while non-aligned 1,469,09 ha (4.59%).
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