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Research in the application of renewable energy has intensified in recent years. The possibility of petroleum extinction in the future is forcing researchers to enhance the utilization of renewable energy resources as a substitute for fossil fuel-based technologies in all fields. Ships as one of the most important transportation in the world also require diesel oil as fuel for main propulsion systems and for diesel generators which supply electrical needs. Solar energy has been considered as the most suitable renewable energy resources to substitute the role of fuel in the ships. In this paper, the latest research on the utilization of solar energy in the ship are presented and analyzed to provide information for the researchers who developed the technology of solar-powered boat. The best possible method to utilize the solar energy in the ship is by using catamaran boat with the flat top structure to provide room for placing solar panel. Furthermore, the solar energy extracted from the panel can be optimized by using quadratic Maximization Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) that executed by KY converter, and converted to AC voltage using a multilevel inverter. The use of quadratic MPPT with KY converter is expected to generate a high output power with small DC voltage ripple from the solar panel while the use of a multilevel inverter is expected to convert the DC voltage into high-efficiency AC voltage before supplied to the electric motor propulsion system. Keywords Solar energy, electric propulsion, maximum power point tracking, hybrid power, battery management system, battery charger. Abstrak Penelitian di bidang aplikasi energi terbarukan semakin diintensifkan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Kemungkinan mengenai habisnya cadangan minyak bumi di masa mendatang memaksa para peneliti untuk meningkatkan penggunaan sumber energi terbarukan sebagai pengganti dari teknologi berbasis bahan bakar fosil di semua bidang. Kapal laut sebagai salah satu transportasi paling penting di dunia juga membutuhkan minyak diesel sebagai bahan bakar pada sistem propulsi utama, serta untuk bahan bakar pada generator diesel sebagai penghasil energi listrik. Energi matahari dipertimbangkan sebagai sumber energi terbarukan yang paling tepat untuk menggantikan peran bahan bakar di kapal. Pada makalah ini ditampilkan analisis tentang riset-riset terbaru mengenai pemanfaatan energi matahari di kapal untuk memberikan informasi pada peneliti-peneliti yang mengembangkan teknologi kapal bertenaga matahari. Teknologi terbaik yang dapat digunakan untuk penggunaan energi matahari pada kapal adalah dengan menggunakan kapal katamaran yang mempunyai struktur atap datar sehingga tersedia ruang yang cukup besar untuk meletakkan panel surya. Selain itu, energi matahari yang dihasilkan oleh panel surya dapat dioptimalkan dengan menggunakan metode quadratic maximum power point tracking yang dieksekusi oleh konverter KY, kemudian dikonversi menjadi tegangan AC menggunakan multilevel inverter. Penggunaan quadratic MPPT pada konverter KY diharapkan dapat ...

We report on the first application of a novel fast on-road sensing method for measurement of particulate emissions of individual passing passenger cars. The studywas motivated by the shift of interest from gases to particles in connection with strong adverse health effects. The results correspond very much to findings by Beaton et al. (Science, May 19,1995) for gaseous hydrocarbon and CO emissions: A small percentage of "superpolluters" (here 5%) account for a high percentage (here 43%) of the pollution (here elemental carbon). We estimate that up to 50% of the particulate emissions of vehicles could be avoided on the basis of the present legislation, if on-road monitoring would be applied to enforce maintenance. Our fast sensing method for particles is based on photoelectron emission from the emitted airborne soot particles in combination with a CO2 sensor delivering a reference.

The estimation of the daily average global solar radiation is important since it increases the cost efficiency of solar power plant, especially in developing countries. Therefore, this study aims at developing a multi layer perceptron artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate the solar radiation in the city of Surabaya. To guide the study, seven (7) available meteorological parameters and the number of the month was applied as the input of network. The ANN was trained using five-years data of 2011-2015. Furthermore, the model was validated by calculating the mean average percentage error (MAPE) of the estimation for the years of 2016-2019. The results confirm that the aforementioned model is feasible to generate the estimation of daily average global solar radiation in Surabaya, indicated by MAPE of less than 15% for all testing years.

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