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| Buffaloes have poor heat tolerance capacity compared to other domestic ruminants and are more prone to heat stress due to scarcely distributed sweat glands, dark body color and sparse hair on the body surface. Thermal environment is a major factor that can affect milk production and reproduction in buffalo especially animals of high genetic merit. Therefore present study was undertaken to study the effect of seasonal stress on Murrah buffalo. Thirty healthy non-lactating Murrah buffaloes each around two years of age were selected for the experiment. Rectal temperature, respiration rate, heart rate and various hormones level were measured in different season to know the effect of heat stress in buffalo. Season had no significant effect on rectal temperature, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) level. However, it had significant effect on respiration rate(P≤0.05), heart rate(P≤0.01) and cortisol level (P≤0.05) in Murrah buffalo. They had lowest level of respiration rate, heart rate and cortisol level in winter season and highest level in summer. This indicates stressful condition of animal in summer.

Background: Canine appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common bone malignancy in dogs. Methods: Spontaneous cases of canine OSA presented for three years were treated with different standard therapeutic protocols and compared with a novel plant formulations or nutraceuticals prepared from combination of turmeric, clove and olive oil. Different diagnostic modalities like survey and three view thoracic radiograph, abdominal ultrasonography (USG) with spectral Doppler USG, greyscale USG, strain elastography, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), computed tomography and excisional biopsy were used to detect appendicular OSA and for staging of the primary bone tumor.Result: Canine bone tumor of appendicular OSA primarily affects large breed dogs with median age 10.32 years (range, 2.6-13 years) and median body weight 32.95 kg (range, 14-41 kg). Among four treatment groups, disease-free interval (DFI) and overall survival times were longer in groups of amputation followed by carboplatin as adjuvant chemotherapy (9 no.) than in groups with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin followed by amputation (2 no.) and amputation along with nutraceuticals treatment (6 no.) and were shorter in the control group with amputation alone (6 no.). Herbal nutraceuticals can be included in the therapeutic regimen of canine osteosarcoma for increasing the overall survival time.

This study was aimed to genetic profiling of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) gene in Murrah buffalo investigating 50 unrelated adult animals at ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna (India) in winter, spring, and summer. PCR ready genomic DNA samples and season-wise total RNA samples were prepared. The PCR products of Hsp70 eluted from agarose gel were sequenced and analyzed. The first-strand cDNA was synthesized and concentration was equalized to 25 ng/μl. Expression kinetics of mRNA transcripts in different seasons was studied using Brilliant SYBR Green QPCR technique and the data retrieved was analyzed by least-squares ANOVA. DNA sequencing by primer walking revealed four allelic variants of Hsp70 gene. Alignment study revealed one substitution in 5′UTR, six substitutions in coding region, and one addition in 3′UTR. The highest percent identity and negligible phylogenetic distance were found among the alleles and reference bovine sequences. The relative mRNA expression was significantly higher in summer when THI ≥ 84 than the spring and winter; fold change increased by 4.5 times in summer than the spring whereas found nearly half in winter. These findings can be useful for heat stress management in buffaloes and help in understanding the mechanism of thermo-regulation well.

Disease occurs when environmental insult meets genetic predisposition while interaction goes between the genotype of an individual and the environment where it grows. Antigenic drift of the pathogens usualiy has minor or no effects on the polygenic type of defense mechanisms which include a variety of different physiological and anatomical characteristics acting together to invoke resistance. There is potential for selecting for resistance between and within populations as genetic variation in diseases is ubiquitous, and genetically heterogenous populations are important in maintenance of resistance. Genetic control of disease can be advanced through selecting locally adapted breeds, selective breeding utilizing disease resistant individuals, and implementing cross-breeding methods to introgress the resistant genes. Integration of chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics management, vaccination protocols, grazing and nutritional management, culling and stress reduction practices along with other measures must accompany genetic approaches to reduce the impact of livestock disease on profitability and animal well being.

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