SummaryBackgroundThe aim of the study was to determine the root canal morphology of permanent mandibular incisor teeth in the Indian subpopulation with the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).Material/MethodsCBCT images of 200 patients with 800 permanent mandibular incisors, fulfilling necessary inclusion criteria and aged 18 to 60 years were evaluated. The number of roots, number of root canals and canal configuration were investigated and then classified according to Vertucci’s classification of root canals. The effect of gender on the incidence of root canal morphology was also investigated.ResultsAll the permanent mandibular incisors had a single root. The majority of mandibular incisors (66.5%) had a single root with a single canal. The prevalence of second canals was as follows: right central incisor – 33.5%, left central incisor – 30%, right lateral incisors – 33.5% and left lateral incisor – 36.5%. According to gender, 15.2% of men and 20.4% of women had a second root canal. Type 1 Vertucci configuration was most prevalent, followed by type 3, type 2, type 5 and type 4 in that order.ConclusionsType 1 Vertucci’s classification (64.5%) was the most prevalent canal configuration in the mandibular anterior teeth in the Indian population. Type 5 Vertucci’s classification was the most frequently observed canal configuration of the two-canalled teeth. CBCT is an excellent imaging modality for detection of different canal configurations of mandibular incisors.

SummaryBackgroundMaxillary posterior tooth region is an important area with respect to periapical surgery, implant placement, and sinus lifts. Posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) is located on the lateral wall of maxillary sinus and may become injured during such surgical procedures. Therefore, knowledge of the subject is essential to a clinician.The goal was to determine the anatomical relationship of posterior superior alveolar artery to the floor of maxillary sinus and alveolar crest.In our study we attempted to present the locations and course of posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging.Material/MethodsCBCT scans of 50 patients (30 males, 20 females) who had undergone computed tomography imaging were analyzed. We assessed the visibility and location of vascular canal/notch of posterior superior alveolar artery on cross sectional images and measured the distances from lower margin to the floor of maxillary sinus and alveolar crest in the 1st molar and 2nd molar regions. Unpaired t-test was carried out in the analysis to determine the level of significance.ResultsMaxillary PSAA was visualized in 36 patients (70%). Mean diameter of the vessel was 0.63 mm. Mean distance between PSAA and alveolar crest was the shortest in the 2nd molar region. The mean distance between PSAA and floor of maxillary sinus was 9.96 mm.ConclusionsPeriapical surgeries, implants and maxillary sinus lift are performed on routine basis. PSAA is an important structure in the posterior maxillary region; the clinician should be aware of its location and course. CBCT is an excellent tool to localize the PSAA because of it provides finer details at low exposure and less radiation. It should be recommended in clinical practices.

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Implants improve the quality of life for patients who are unable to keep their natural teeth, fix acute problems, and give patients the benefit of restorative improvements for a modern lifestyle. The greatest key to successful implant placement is accurate preplacement assessment. Imaging plays a pivotal role in preplacement assessment. Success of dental implant restorations is in part, dependent on adequate diagnostic information about the bony structures of the oral region. This article reviews the applications of different imaging technologies and their diagnostic contribution to presurgical evaluation, treatment planning and postoperative assessment of dental implants.

Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory condition of the bone, beginning in the medullary cavity and haversian systems and extending to involve the periosteum of the affected area. Although other etiological factors, such as traumatic injuries, radiation, and certain chemical substances, among others, may also produce inflammation of the medullary space, the term "osteomyelitis" is mostly used in the medical literature to describe a true infection of the bone induced by pyogenic microorganisms. Tuberculous osteomyelitis is an uncommon disease entity. Here, we present a case of osteomyelitis of mandible leading to pathological fracture of mandible, in which pulmonary tuberculosis involvement was detected only subsequently. The oral physicians thus play a crucial role in recognizing high-risk patients and initiating prompt isolation and evaluation.