The role of lithium as an adjuvant in radioiodine therapy of hyperthyroidism is insignificant.

Endovascular techniques currently form less invasive and first line treatment options in arterioportal/venous fistulae, surgery being reserved only for unsuccessful embolizations/complex fistulae.

No abstract

This study seeks to evaluate the role of radioiodine in the ablation of the remaining thyroid lobe, following a histopathological diagnosis of minimally invasive follicular carcinoma or papillary carcinoma of > or =1.5 cm size in patients undergoing hemithyroidectomy. There were 93 patients (69 females and 24 males) with an average age of 37.3+/-12.5 years (range, 16-70 years) and a mean follow-up duration of 46 months. Sixty-six of the patients had papillary cancer and remaining 27 had follicular thyroid cancer. The mean 24 h radioiodine neck uptake at the first visit was 17.2+/-7.3% (4.4-34%). In view of the large amount of thyroid tissue to be ablated, which may produce radiation induced thyroiditis, low doses of radioiodine (15-60 mCi) were administered to the patients. The patients were evaluated 6 months after radioiodine therapy with a 131I whole-body scan and 48 h radioiodine neck uptake, and a thyroglobulin assay after 4-6 weeks of levothyroxine withdrawal. The thyroid lobe was completely ablated in 53 patients (56.9%) after one dose of I and the remaining patients had partial thyroid ablation, with the mean radioiodine neck uptake being reduced to 3.1+/-2.4%. The mean first dose of 131I was 31.8+/-11.7 mCi; the estimated mean absorbed dose was 251.3+/-149.3 Gy (range, 120-790 Gy). Around 30% patients, in each of whom a remnant thyroid lobe was ablated with a single dose of radioiodine, received < or =200 Gy. The cumulative ablation rate was 92.1% after two doses of 131I. Only seven patients needed a third dose of 131I. In our cohort, 15 patients (16.1%) complained of throat discomfort and neck pain. All of them were managed with mild analgesics except three patients who needed additional oral prednisolone for 7-10 days to overcome neck oedema. We conclude that, although completion thyroidectomy remains the standard treatment after hemithyroidectomy in cases of differentiated thyroid cancer, radioiodine ablation of an intact thyroid lobe is possible and it can be achieved with much smaller doses of radioiodine than previously believed. Lobar ablation is an attractive alternative to surgery for those who refuse to undergo completion thyroidectomy or had complications during initial surgery. However, the long-term outcome in this subset of patients remains to be determined.

Fenestration of the intracranial arteries is a relatively common occurrence. This anatomic variation may predispose to aneurysm formation at certain sites. Treatment of such aneurysms is difficult as it may occlude one of the limbs of fenestration with resultant deficit. Thus, preservation of both the limbs with adequate exclusion of the aneurysm from the circulation should be the aim of any treatment. We describe a series of four cases of ruptured aneurysms arising from a fenestrated vertebrobasilar junction treated with endovascular balloon remodeling technique.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of ureteroscopy for lower ureteric stones without the use of fluoroscopy. Patients andMethods: Between June 2001 and January 2005, a total of 110 patients with a mean age of 33.5 years (range 12–65) suffering from of lower ureteral calculi (below the upper margin of the sacroiliac joint) prospectively underwent ureteroscopic removal. Retrograde pyelography was avoided, and no safety guidewire was placed. Whenever required, the ureteric meatus was dilated with a ureteric balloon under direct vision. Double-J stent placement was done with the aid of ureteroscopy. A fluoroscope was kept standby. The patients had a postoperative X-ray of the kidney-ureter-bladder region to document the stone clearance. Results: The mean stone size was 8.7 mm (range 6–15). Complete clearance without the use of fluoroscopy was achieved in 99 patients (94.2%). Fluoroscopy was required in 6 patients (4%) for calcified stricture (n = 1), duplex system (n = 1), narrow and tortuous meatus causing difficulty in passing the 5-Fr balloon dilator (n = 3), and confirmation of spontaneous passage of the stone (n = 1). Of the 13 patients who required balloon dilatation it was successfully achieved without fluoroscopy. Double-J stenting was done due to mucosal ulceration (n = 3), polypoid reaction (n = 2), and perforation (n = 1). All these patients had correct placement of the stent, as confirmed by X-ray of the kidney-ureter-bladder region postoperatively. Conclusions: To uphold the notion for radiation exposure to be as low as reasonably achievable, ureteroscopic stone retrieval can safely be done without the use of fluoroscopy in a significant number of patients.

COVID-19 is a global pandemic that has emerged and it is rapidly spreading throughout the world and subsequently causing great damage to the global economy and health-care. Patients with diabetes or other comorbidities are at a greater risk of developing severe illness. Knowledge and awareness are key elements to stimulate practice of preventive measures. The present study evaluated the level of knowledge and awareness about COVID-19 among individuals with diabetes and their compliance with the preventive measures against it. A total of 242 individuals who were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and were 18 years or older participated in the study. The data was collected using an interview based questionnaire. Data was analyzed

First-dose I ablation rates at 6 months with 0.93, 1.85, and 3.7 GBq of I are equivalent with the prespecified clinically acceptable noninferiority margin. We conclude that we are probably administering too much I for remnant ablation (trial registration number: CTRI/002291).