Timely diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is critical for appropriate treatment of lower respiratory infection in young children. To facilitate diagnosis, we developed a rapid, specific, and sensitive TaqMan Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major respiratory pathogens causing lower respiratory tract diseases in children (10,18,23). Based on genetic and antigenic variations in the structural proteins, RSV is classified into two subgroups, A and B (3, 24). At present, there is no vaccine available for prevention of the viral infection, although antiviral therapy is known to be effective in some patients (1, 2, 11). For appropriate treatment of RSV infection, it is crucial to have an accurate and timely diagnostic method for detection of the virus.A number of techniques are available for detection and identification of RSV, including cell culture, enzyme immunoassay (EIA), immunofluorescence (IF), and conventional reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (6,7,8,9,12,16,17,21,22,25). The classical cell culture method requires prompt inoculation of the labile virus and is a time-consuming process. In addition, the test has low sensitivity, detecting only 50 to 60% of RSV infections (17). More rapid immunoassays for the detection of RSV, such as EIA and IF, also have limitations in sensitivity and specificity. The accuracy of EIA, for example, is in the range of 57 to 98%, and that of IF varies from 65 to 92% (12). This wide variability in assay sensitivity and specificity may lead to inaccurate diagnosis of RSV infection, and consequently, the assays may be of limited value in patient care. Furthermore, such rapid immunoassays are rarely capable of differentiating RSV subgroups A and B, which may be associated with different disease severities (28).Conventional RT-PCR, which has recently been developed for the detection of RSV, is a more sensitive and specific diagnostic method that also allows for the subgrouping of the virus in a single reaction (6,7,8,9,17,25). However, it still requires time-consuming post-PCR analysis. Real-time RT-PCR, on the other hand, eliminates post-PCR processing (13). This is achieved by combining conventional RT-PCR with advanced fluorescence detection technology, which allows the fluorescence signals to be analyzed and recorded during PCR cycling. The advanced method also performs automatic sample analysis with enhanced sensitivity and specificity. In this report, we describe the development and application of a TaqManbased RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection, subgrouping, and quantification of RSV A and B in clinical respiratory specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODSVirus stocks, plaque titration, and virus particle counts. RSV A2 (subgroup A) and 2B (subgroup B) were propagated in Vero cells. About 100 ml each of subgroup A and B virus stocks were prepared, and the stocks were stored in 0.5-ml aliquots for future use. For plaque titration of RSV stocks, confluent Vero cells in 24-well plates were inoculated with 100 l of a serial dilution of each virus at 37°...

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The effects of N-linked oligosaccharides on the haemagglutinin (H) protein of measles virus (MV) were assessed with respect to the processing and antigenicity of the molecule. The functional glycosylation sites on the

The human cell surface protein CD46 is the main measles virus (MV) receptor. We analyzed the CD46 isoforms expressed in the brain of three patients who died with persistent MV infections and in an unaffected brain. Complete CD46 cDNAs were produced and found to code exclusively for CD46 isoforms with cytoplasmic tail 2. Selective expression of tail 2 isoforms was shown in a second control brain by Western blots with antibodies specific for each of the cytoplasmic tails. Binding of purified MV particles and virus-dependent cell fusion were tested after transient expression of brain-derived CD46 proteins in mouse cells. All the brain-derived proteins mediated MV binding and virus-dependent fusion. Isoforms containing both serine/threonine/proline (STP)-rich domains were more active in virus binding, whereas isoforms with only one STP domain were more efficient in mediating fusion.

The fusion (F) glycoprotein of measles virus, a structural component of the virion envelope, contains four potential sites for attachment of N-linked oligosaccharides.