Single-molecule imaging is emerging as a revolutionary approach to studying fundamental questions in plants. However, compared with its use in animals, the application of single-molecule imaging in plants is still underexplored. Here, we review the applications, advantages, and challenges of single-molecule fluorescence imaging in plant systems from the perspective of methodology. Firstly, we provide a general overview of single-molecule imaging methods and their principles. Next, we summarize the unprecedented quantitative details that can be obtained using single-molecule techniques compared to bulk assays. Finally, we discuss the main problems encountered at this stage and provide possible solutions.

A flexible grounding system is a system in which the neutral point of the power supply is grounded via the arc suppression coil in parallel with a low-resistance resistor. When operating normally or a temporary ground fault occurs, the arc suppression coil is used for grounding, whereas the small resistance is switched on when a permanent ground fault occurs. At present, the problem of low protection sensitivity when a high-resistance ground fault occurs in a flexible grounding system has not been solved yet. According to the characteristics of low waveform similarity between the faulty line and the non-faulty line when a single-phase grounding fault occurred, a new faulty line selection method based on a combination of Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance and the transient projection method is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the fault transient signal is extracted by a digital filter as a basis for faulty line selection. Secondly, the transient zero-sequence current of each line is projected onto the busbar transient zero-sequence voltage, and the projected DTW distance of each line is calculated. Finally, according to the calculation formula of waveform comprehensive similarity coefficient, the Comprehensive DTW (CDTW) distance is obtained, and the top three CDTW distance values are selected to determine the faulty line. If the maximum value is greater than the sum of the other two CDTW distance values, the line corresponding to the maximum value is judged as the faulty line; otherwise, it is judged as a busbar fault. The simulation results based on MATLAB/Simulink and field data test show that the method can accurately determine the faulty line under diverse fault conditions.

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This article proposes a state‐of‐charge (SOC) estimation method to eliminate the influence of the hysteresis effect and the ambient temperature. First, an improved dual‐polarization (DP) model considering the hysteresis effect and the ambient temperature is established. A hysteresis voltage source is connected in series with a couple of resistance–capacitance pairs in the improved DP model, all the parameters of which are related to the ambient temperature to depict the temperature characteristics of the battery. Second, the forgetting factor recursive least squares method is utilized to identify the parameters under the battery dynamic test data at different temperatures. The proposed model and parameterization scheme integrate the effects of hysteresis and temperature, greatly enhancing the performance of the proposed method at different temperatures. Finally, an extended Kalman filter algorithm for SOC estimation is adopted to verify the improved DP model and the simulation indicates that the error of SOC estimation is within 1.5% at different ambient temperatures. The proposed method can improve the precision of the SOC estimation even if the temperature is below −10 or above 50 °C.

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