Mechanochemical synthesis of Cu3P in the presence of n‐dodecane results in a material with a secondary particle size distribution of 10 μm, secondary particles which consist of homogeneously agglomerated 20 nm primary particles. The electrochemical performance of Cu3P with lithium is influenced by the reaction depth, in other words by the lower potential cut‐off. During the electrochemical reaction, the displacement of copper by lithium from the Cu3P structure until the formation of Li3P and Cu deteriorates the capacity retention. Improved performance was obtained when the charge potential was limited to 0.50 V (vs. Li/Li+) and the formation of the LixCu3‐xP phase (0 ≤ × ≤ 2). In this case, when the potential is limited to 0.5 V, the capacity is stable for more than 50 cycles. Acceptable electrochemical performances in Li‐ion cells within the voltage range 0.50–2.0 V (vs. Li/Li+) were shown when Cu3P was used as an anode and Li1.2(Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13)O2 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as positive electrode materials.
LiM0.5Mn1.5normalO4
(
M=Fe
, Co, Ni) normal spinel oxides were prepared by a citric acid assisted Pechini synthesis with different thermal treatments and compared with respect to their electrochemical performance as cathodes in lithium-ion batteries. Characterization methods include X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. While
LiM0.5Mn1.5normalO4
samples crystallize for
M=Fe
and Co with the 3d cation-disordered cubic spinel-like structure (
Fd3m
space group), the
600°C
annealed
LiNi0.5Mn1.5normalO4
shows a partially ordered structure (belonging to the
P4332
space group). The absolute discharge capacity is slightly higher for the Ni-doped samples in comparison with the Co- and Fe-doped spinels.
1000°C
annealed samples show an improved cyclability in comparison with the
600°C
annealed samples. At elevated temperatures, Co- and Fe-doped samples show much faster degradation in comparison with the Ni-doped sample. The responsible mechanisms are discussed.
Conversion
and alloying type negative electrodes attracted huge
attention in the present research on lithium/sodium-ion batteries
(LIBs/SIBs) due to the high capacity delivered. Among these, SnO
2
is investigated intensively in LIBs due to high cyclability,
low reaction potential, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness.
Most of the LIB electrodes are explored in SIBs too due to expected
similar electrochemical performance. Though several LIB negative electrode
materials successfully worked in SIBs, bare SnO
2
shows
very poor electrochemical performance in SIB. The reason for this
difference is investigated here through combined
in operando
and
ex situ
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS).
For this, the electrodes of SnO
2
(space group
P
4
2
/
mnm
synthesized via one-pot hydrothermal
method) were cycled in Na-ion and Li-ion half-cells. The Na/SnO
2
half-cell delivered a much lower discharge capacity than
the Li/SnO
2
half-cell. In addition, higher irreversibility
was observed for Na/SnO
2
half-cell during electrochemical
investigations compared to that for Li/SnO
2
half-cell.
In operando
XAS investigations on the Na/SnO
2
half-cell confirms incomplete conversion and alloying reactions
in the Na/SnO
2
half-cell, resulting in poor electrochemical
performance. The difference in the lithiation and sodiation mechanisms
of SnO
2
is discussed in detail.
the LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 material is intensively investigated due to its high-voltage electrochemical activity, excellent rate capability as well as cycling stability. [2][3][4][5][6][7] LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 exists mainly in two crystallographic structures according to the oxygen stoichiometry in the material. [ 2,[8][9][10] The cation-ordered spinel (space group P 4 3 32) which is oxygen-stoichiometric, contains all the Mn ions in their tetravalent form. [ 11 ] At the same time in the cation-disordered structure (space group Fd 3 m) , in addition to the tetravalent Mn species, some of the Mn ions exist in the trivalent form as a result of oxygen deficiency from the crystal lattice. [ 12 ] This is mainly associated with the synthesis temperature. According to Pasero et al. [ 10 ] when the synthesis temperature exceeds ≈650 °C, the structure of LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 transforms gradually from the cationordered to cation-disordered. In the cation-ordered structure, the only electrochemically active species is Ni 2+ . The electrochemical reaction takes place at ≈4.7 V with two plateaus corresponding to Ni 2+ / Ni 3+ and Ni 3+ /Ni 4+ reactions, respectively. [ 2,12 ] Meanwhile, in the cation-disordered structure, a slight electrochemical activity is observed around 4.0 V versus Li/Li + as a result of Mn 3+ /Mn 4+ electrochemical reaction. [ 12 ] However, this material offers only a theoretical capacity of ≈148 mAh g −1 in the usual cycling voltage range 3.5-5.1 V. [ 13 ] It is possible to intercalate a second Li + into the material at voltage <3.0 V which in turn increases the capacity delivered. [ 1,14 ] For this purpose a Li excess electrode must be used as the counter electrode during cycling. Moreover, this process is believed to induce Jahn-Teller distortion of the structure due to the existence of excessive amount of Mn 3+ which in turn results in an average oxidation state of Mn less than +3.5. [ 1,14,15 ] The layered lithium-rich (Li-rich) materials with a general composition x Li 2 MnO 3 · (1 -x ) LiMO 2 (M = Mn, Co, Ni) are known to deliver capacities >250 mAh g −1 when cycled within the voltage range 2.0-4.8 V. [ 16 ] This material has a complex structure which is reported either as composites with nanodomains of Li 2 MnO 3 -and LiMO 2 -like features or as their solid solutions. [17][18][19][20] The powder diffraction patterns of this material
Mixed transition‐metal ferrites with the chemical formula MFe2O4 (M=Co, Ni), synthesized through an inverse co‐precipitation route, were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction, which demonstrate phase‐pure compounds with particle sizes of about 100 nm. Cyclic voltammetry investigations in lithium half‐cells revealed a difference between the first cycle and the following charge–discharge cycles, which is characteristic for conversion‐type electrode systems. To understand the mechanism of the electrochemical reaction in the first cycle, in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy was performed during cycling at a charge–discharge rate of C/10. During the first discharge process, the crystalline Co and Ni ferrites undergo reduction. A coexistence of binary metal oxides (CoO/NiO and Fe2O3) and metallic phases were observed during the discharge. At the end of discharge, only the existence of metallic nanoclusters was observed. In the subsequent charging process, Fe was found to undergo complete oxidation in both ferrites. In contrast, almost 60 % of the Co or Ni remained in the metallic state at the end of the charge (end of first cycle). This incomplete oxidation of Co and Ni in the applied voltage range could be the main reason behind the irreversible capacity loss and low coulombic efficiency often reported for these conversion electrode systems.
Careful
development and optimization of negative electrode (anode)
materials for Na-ion batteries (SIBs) are essential, for their widespread
applications requiring a long-term cycling stability. BiFeO3 (BFO) with a LiNbO3-type structure (space group R3c) is an ideal negative electrode model
system as it delivers a high specific capacity (770 mAh g–1), which is proposed through a conversion and alloying mechanism.
In this work, BFO is synthesized via a sol–gel method and investigated
as a conversion-type anode model-system for sodium-ion half-cells.
As there is a difference in the first and second cycle profiles in
the cyclic voltammogram, the operating mechanism of charge–discharge
is elucidated using in operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In
the first discharge, Bi is found to contribute toward the electrochemical
activity through a conversion mechanism (Bi3+ →
Bi0), followed by the formation of Na–Bi intermetallic
compounds. Evidence for involvement of Fe in the charge storage mechanism
through conversion of the oxide (Fe3+) form to metallic
Fe and back during discharging/charging is also obtained, which is
absent in previous literature reports. Reversible dealloying and subsequent
oxidation of Bi and oxidation of Fe are observed in the following
charge cycle. In the second discharge cycle, a reduction of Bi and
Fe oxides is observed. Changes in the oxidation states of Bi and Fe,
and the local coordination changes during electrochemical cycling
are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the optimization of cycling
stability of BFO is carried out by varying binders and electrolyte
compositions. Based on that, electrodes prepared with the Na-carboxymethyl
cellulose (CMC) binder are chosen for optimization of the electrolyte
composition. BFO–CMC electrodes exhibit the best electrochemical
performance in electrolytes containing fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)
as the additive. BFO–CMC electrodes deliver initial capacity
values of 635 and 453 mAh g–1 in the Na-insertion
(discharge) and deinsertion (charge) processes, respectively, in the
electrolyte composition of 1 M NaPF6 in EC/DEC (1:1, v/v)
with a 2% FEC additive. The capacity values stabilize around 10th
cycle and capacity retention of 73% is observed after 60 cycles with
respect to the 10th cycle charge capacity.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.