World Health Organization (WHO) places strong emphasis on exclusive breastfeeding of HIV exposed infants during the first 6 months, combined to antiretroviral treatment for mothers and prophylaxis for infants. However, adherence to safe breastfeeding among HIV infected mothers is still a major challenge in Burkina Faso. We conducted a cross sectional study in four hospitals in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso in order to explore knowledge, attitudes and practices of HIV infected breastfeeding mothers attending selected clinics for Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT). Two hundred and one HIV infected mothers attended the clinics for their children's routine medical visit, among them 162 (81%) had chosen breastfeeding. The majority of women (95%) were familiar with PMTCT measures required during pregnancy and childbirth, whereas prevention measures required during breastfeeding period were less mentioned: mothers strict adherence to antiretroviral treatment (48.1%), safe sexual practices (1.85%), cessation of breastfeeding in case of breast infection (6.2%), avoiding traditional enema (36.4%) and stopping breastfeeding at the age of 12 months after 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding along with the introduction of other foods and fluids (43.2%). Moreover, 52.2% of women did not practice exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months. Factors associated with poor breastfeeding practices were: infant feeding option decided solely by the mother, living in well serviced areas and having a low score (≤ 3) of knowledge on how to prevent HIV transmission during breastfeeding. There is a need for urgent interventions in support of safe breastfeeding in HIV exposed infants in Ouagadougou.

L'ostéogenèse imparfaite (OI) regroupe un ensemble d'affections constitutionnelles de gravité variable dû à une anomalie de la production du collagène et de la matrice de l'os entraînant une fragilité osseuse. La présente étude rapporte quatre cas d'ostéogenèse imparfaite suivis aux Centres Hospitaliers Universitaires Charles de Gaulle et Yalgado Ouédraogo. Le but de ce travail était d'analyser les aspects cliniques, thérapeutiques et évolutifs de la maladie. Cette étude souligne la nécessité d'améliorer la prise en charge de cette maladie rare mais non exceptionnelle et handicapante.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors and the microorganisms susceptibilities of nosocomial urinary infections at the urology unit of the national university hospital of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. Method: From February to September 2012, two bacteriological analyzes have been performed for any of the 75 inpatients in the urology unit of the national university hospital of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. Results: During the study period, 43 cases of nosocomial urinary infection were identified (57.3%) and we found no statistically significant associated risk factors with age groups, sex, arterial blood pressure, kidney illness and urinary obstructive pathologies. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (30.9%), Klebsiella spp (26.9%) and Staphylococcus spp (15.4%). The yeasts strains were very sensitive to antifungal but the bacteria susceptibility rate to antibiotics was very variable. Thus, the cocci were rather sensitive to association clavulanic acid + amoxicilline and ceftriaxone and enough sensitive to gentamicine ; the bacilli were enough sensitive to gentamicin and very sensitive to imipenem. Conclusion: From the antibiogram results, we recommend gentamicin in combination with penicillin or metronidazole as the first antibiotics to be used in the treatment of nosocomial urinary tract infections.

Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) causes chronic hemolysis which is a risk factor for cholelithiasis. Its development may lead to severe and life-threatening complications. Objective: Determine the prevalence of cholelithiasis, the conditions of diagnosis and related factors. Materials and Method: We retrospectively reviewed records of 110 patients with sickle cell disease followed up in Charles de Gaulle University Pediatric Hospital from January 2003 to December 2013, including 103 patients who had abdominal ultrasonography. Results: Cholelithiasis prevalence was 24.3%. The mean age of patients was 10.8 years, (range 3 to 15 years). Sex ratio was 2.1. In 88% cases, cholelithiasis was diagnosed based on the characteristic symptoms of right hypocondrial pain, fever and icterus. Most factors associated with cholelithiasis were as follows: age above 10 years (OR = 4), occurrence of at least three (03) vaso-occlusive crises per year (OR = 7.6), history of blood transfusion (OR = 8), right hypochondrial pain (OR = 4.5) and icterus (OR = 15). Only 20% of patients suffering from a symptomatic cholelithiasis underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and results were conclusive. Conclusion: Patients with sickle cell disease, especially those aged above 10, should be routinely tested for cholelithiasis using abdominal ultrasonography at least once a year. Because of the difficulties in managing evolutive complications in case of an emergency in our context, we advocate laparoscopic cholecystectomy of any cholelithiasisas soon as it is diagnosed in children with sickle cell disease.

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Ocular manifestations among HIV infected children are diverse and global incidence varies from 7% to 75%. At this age, eye lesions are often unnoticed because of the incapacity to express eye discomfort. The purpose of this study is to describe ocular manifestations among HIV-infected children and hence associated factors in the Department of Paediatrics at the Yalgado Ouédraogo Teaching Hospital. This was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study conducted between July 2014 and December 2014. A complete ophthalmic examination was systematically done to all HIV-positive children attending the clinic, as part of their routine medical visit. The most recent socio-demographic, clinical, biological and treatment data were registered. Seventy-nine children had an ocular examination and among them 92.4% were on ARV treatment. The incidence of ocular manifestations was 46.7%. Median age was 8 years old (interquartile 6 -12 years old). Sex ratio was 1.3. The risk of ocular manifestations involvement among boys was twice than that of girls. More than half (59.5%) of children who had ocular problems had not expressed ocular discomfort. Ocular adnexal lesions were more common (35.4%) compared to eye segments (8.9%) lesions. Anterior segment and posterior segment lesions were statistically associated with immune system depression (p = 0.003 and 0.001). However, this relationship was not statistically significant (p = 0.15). Five out of seven children who had eye fundus lesions had CD4 count <350 cells/mm 3 . Ocular manifestations were very common among HIV infected children in our context. Ophthalmic examination should be systematic at admission and regularly repeated during follow-up.