This study examined students’ problems in learning English as a second language in higher learning institutions. This paper reports on the results of an interview of 30 randomly selected MDAB students of Diploma in Office Management and Technology at UiTM Melaka. The aim of this paper is to identify the factors that contribute to the decreasing of students’ achievement in the English language. The discussion revealed the different reasons that students face in speaking, listening, reading and writing skills. In learning a second language, it is of utmost importance that learners receive maximum support in terms of a supportive and conducive learning environment as well as an adequate and meaningful language experience. This research hopes to enlighten students in learning the English language so that they may strive to improve their English skills, thus making language teaching and learning more effective and meaningful for both lecturers and students.
A claim before the Syariah court aims to either attest one's right or interest over a particular matter or defend such interest against the claiming party. At this juncture, the onus of proof lies with the party initiating the claim. In the context of Syariah Criminal Law, a Syarie Prosecutor has the discretionary power to bring a criminal claim against the accused in cases pertaining to Syariah offences, be it criminal or matrimonial, should there exist a strong qarinah that successfully establishes a prima facie case. However, there has been a lack of guidelines in proving prima facie in cases relating to matrimonial offences. Therefore, this study examines the methods of establishing prima facie based on qarinah in matrimonial cases, particularly in cases decided by the Syariah Courts of Selangor. For data collection, the researchers employ qualitative methods through analysis of legal documents, case files from the Syariah Court, and its ratio decidendis. The findings of this study show that matrimonial offences are considered criminal offences under the Islamic Family Law (State of Selangor) Enactment 2003. Hence, a case is considered a strong establishment of qarinah, sufficient to indicate prima facie for matrimonial offences, enabling the Syarie Prosecutor to prosecute the accused. Despite that, the qarinah itself must reach the degree of confidence, or al-zan al-ghalib, and not at the level of assumption, doubt, and waham. The authors believe this study may open doors to further discussions on Islamic Family Law, specifically in proving a prima facie case for matrimonial offences. Sesuatu dakwaan yang dilakukan di Mahkamah Syariah, pada asasnya bertujuan untuk menuntut hak atau kepentingan terhadap sesuatu perkara, ataupun bertujuan mempertahankan kepentingan tersebut daripada pihak yang mempertikai. Beban pembuktian terhadap sesuatu pendakwaan terletak atas pihak yang mendakwa. Dalam konteks jenayah di Mahkamah Syariah, seorang Pendakwa Syarie boleh mendakwa Orang Kena Tuduh (OKT) dalam kes yang melibatkan jenayah syariah atau kesalahan matrimoni apabila wujud qarinah yang kuat (prima facie). Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis pembuktian prima facie berdasarkan sabitan qarinah dalam kesalahan matrimoni di Mahkamah Syariah Selangor. Permasalahan kajian ialah tiada panduan bertulis bagi proses membuktikan kes prima facie dalam kesalahan matrimoni. Objektif kajian ialah menganalisis pembuktian prima facie dalam kesalahan matrimoni. Bagi tujuan pengumpulan data, pengkaji telah menggunakan kaedah kualitatif iaitu kaedah analisis dokumen, fail-fail Mahkamah Syariah serta alasan penghakiman. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kesalahan matrimoni merupakan jenayah di bawah Enakmen Undang-undang Keluarga Islam (Negeri Selangor) 2003 (EUKIS 2003) yang tertulis sebagai kertas pertuduhan dan fakta kes dan menjadi sabitan qarinah yang kuat (prima facie) bagi seorang Pendakwa Syarie untuk mendakwa OKT. Kesimpulan kajian ialah qarinah dalam kertas pertuduhan dan fakta kes merupakan beban bukti ke atas Pendakwa Syarie untuk mewujudkan kes prima facie terhadap kesalahan OKT. Namun begitu, qarinah tersebut mesti mencapai tahap yang yakin atau al-zan al-ghalib, bukan pada tahap zan, syak dan waham. Kajian ini memberi implikasi kepada penerokaan ilmu Undang-undang Keluarga Islam khususnya dalam membuktikan kes prima facie terhadap kesalahan matrimoni selain daripada kes jenayah syariah.
This article examines the adequacy of the current support systems in addressing the issue of teenage pregnancies in Malaysia. This study was conducted primarily through a doctrinal study of existing literature such as articles, journals and reports related to the current issues encountered by the pregnant teenagers. There is also a non-doctrinal method carried out whereby the researchers had conducted fieldwork interviews with the government department, non-government organisations (NGOs) and social activist on the efforts done in addressing the problem. Due to the lack of a specific policy on teenage pregnancies in Malaysia, there have been concerns on issues related to the rights of these teenagers to education during pregnancy; criminal issues on abortion, infanticide and child sexual grooming; child marriages and the lack of support from parents, family members and the society for care, motivation, healthcare and preparation for motherhood among these teenagers. The findings establish the current support system is inadequate to meet the contemporary needs of pregnant teenagers. It is suggested that a comprehensive legal framework for teenage pregnancies in Malaysia needs to be put in place. These can include legislating necessary laws and policies, which can be more effective through integrated services and proper monitoring and enforcement in order to meet the current needs of the targeted group.
This paper examines the existing legal framework for the protection of teenage pregnancies in Malaysia, with adherence to the international laws of the United Nation Convention on the Rights of Children (UNCRC) and the United Nation Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and within the principles of the Islamic laws (maqasid al-Shariah). This study was conducted primarily through a doctrinal study of existing literature such as articles, journals and reports related to the current issues encountered by pregnant teenagers. This study establishes the ongoing reforms in the domestic laws and policies in response to the ratification of UNCRC and CEDAW since 1995. Nonetheless, the absence of a comprehensive legal framework and coordinated support services for pregnant teenagers affects the smooth implementation of the currently existing laws and policies on this matter. Therefore, it is recommended that a more comprehensive legal framework and concerted services help to promote a holistic approach to strengthen the welfare of pregnant teenagers and safeguard them from unnecessary harm.
The certification and mediation training are very important to ensure that mediators are in the best position to be neutral third parties and can effectively exercise a significant amount of authority and power over disputants. The Malaysian Mediation Act 2012 is silent on mediation training and practice for the mediators. Mediation training is related to the issues of qualification and accreditation of mediators since good quality mediation training will reflect the general practice of mediation. This paper is a summary and analysis of the literature on mediation training and practice issues. Some models of mediation training are also highlighted. This research employs qualitative research methodology, which is based on the doctrinal approach. The information and contribution of this research will help the government to enhance the quality of mediation trainers and programme administrators as they seek to ensure that the training, they provide is of the highest quality possible so that a standardised certification for mediators can be implemented in Malaysia.
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