No studies have investigated the influence of ethnicity in a multi-ethnic middle-income country with a long-standing history of co-habitation. Stool samples from 214 Malaysian community members (46 Malay, 65 Chinese, 49 Indian, and 54 Jakun) were collected. The gut microbiota of the participants was investigated using 16S amplicon sequencing. Ethnicity exhibited the largest effect size across participants (PERMANOVA Pseudo-F = 4.24, R2 = 0.06, p = 0.001). Notably, the influence of ethnicity on the gut microbiota was retained even after controlling for all demographic, dietary factors and other covariates which were significantly associated with the gut microbiome (PERMANOVA Pseudo-F = 1.67, R2 = 0.02, p = 0.002). Our result suggested that lifestyle, dietary, and uncharacterized differences collectively drive the gut microbiota variation across ethnicity, making ethnicity a reliable proxy for both identified and unidentified lifestyle and dietary variation across ethnic groups from the same community.
The aims of the present study were to determine if primary teeth eruption and the presence of enamel defect are affected by low birth weight and prematurely of birth. Materials and Methods: The total subjects of (420) child aged 4 -24 months were included in this study, consisted of (210) prematurely born (<37 gestational weeks and birth weight < 2.500 Kg) children and 210 control children (≥40 gestational weeks and birth weight ≥ 2.500 Kg). Those children selected randomly the children who came to the primary health care centers with their mother for vaccination and the mothers asked to participate in this study. For each child, clinical exanimation was performed in dental chair. The criterion used for enamel defect to include various enamel hypoplasias, deficiency of enamel in the form of pits, grooves or other quantitative surface loss and enamel hypocalcifications and opacities. Data were analyzed using numbers, percentages, means and standard deviations. T -test, Z -test Chi -square (X 2 ) test were used for determining the differences concerning different variables. The differences were considered significant at p≤ 0.05. Results: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between different genders numbers among in each age group for the preterm and control children. The results showed significantly (p<0.05) delayed eruption of the primary teeth in the prematurely born children as compared with the control children in all age groups except in 4 -6 months age group, also there was significantly higher percentages of enamel defect present in preterm children, than in control children in all age groups except in 4 -6 months age group. Conclusions: The findings indicated that the eruption of deciduous teeth was delayed and the percentage of enamel defect was significantly increased in prematurely born children.
To increase the understanding of oral health factors associated with menopause women, this research sought to examine the oral hygiene including clinical parameters (DMFT, gingival, calculus, plaque and pocket depth indices) and physical parameters (flow rate and pH) to show changes in postmenopausal women in Mosul City center in relation to premenopausal women.The sample chosen included 123 women 47 premenopausal and 76 postmenopausal women in age range from 30 -61 years old. Clinical examination was carried out to detected DMFT, gingival, calculus, plaque and pocket depth indices, also measures physical parameters about flow rate and pH of saliva for each women.There was significant changes in the clinical and physical parameters when compared with age 46 -61 years old, at p< 0.05 and highly significant at p< 0.001.Oral health in pre and post menopausal women should be considered as a separate problem from oral diseases. The clinical picture may vary from a localized to generalized inflammation would be of interest to physiologists and endocrinologists and might also prove to be value to the practicing dentists.
Aims: To determine the effect of risk factors such as income level, socioeconomic status, parents education, brushing behavior , dental attendance, type of treatment performed and others on dental caries severity of permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: Sample size was (531) students (260 males and 271 females) who were selected randomly from (10) primary and intermediate schools in Mosul City, their ages were ranged between (6-16) years. Risk factors considered on caries severity included parent's income level, parent's education, visiting the dentist, types of dental treatment performed and brushing behavior. Distribution of dental caries on each side of the mouth, DMFT and the percentage of caries free students were also considered. Caries severity was measured using International Caries Detection and Assessment System. Results: These factors have an effect to increase or decrease caries severity either significantly or not significantly. Conclusion: These risk factors should be kept in mind when we decide to reduce caries severity.
The aim of this study is to compare oral health status (dental caries, periodontal disease and treatment needs) of Iraqi and Yemeni dental students. The sample included 100 Iraqi dental students and 90 Yemeni dental students of fourth grade, age ranged between 22-23 years old of both sexes. The study revealed that there was a significant difference in the DMFT between Iraqi and Yemeni dental students for the total sample at p < 0.05 level, with significant difference between Iraqi and Yemeni dental students for both sexes at p < 0.01 level. The results also revealed that there was no significant difference in the type of treatment required for the total sample between females of Iraqi and Yemeni dental students, but with significant difference in the treatment need between males of Iraqi and Yemeni dental students. Highest percentage of treatment need for Iraqi and Yemeni students were for 1 surface restoration. The highest CPITN code percentage for Iraqi students was for code 2 (calculus) followed by code 1 with a significant difference between Iraqi males and females students at p<0.01 level, while for Yemeni dental students the highest CPITN code percentage was for code 1 followed by code 2. There was a significant difference in the total sample between Iraqi and Yemeni dental students at p<0.01 level; i.e., Iraqi students require scaling while Yemenis require oral health instruction.
Aims: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of fluoride varnish and silver diamine fluoride solution on surface roughness of enamel of primary teeth in vitro study. Materials and methods: A total of (150) primary anterior teeth were used. Enamel blocks were prepared and divided into three groups: Fluoride varnish group n(50), silver diamine fluoride groupn(50), and the control group of deionized water n(50). PH cycle completed at one day and repeated for 10 days. Specimens were kept in demineralizing solution for 3 hours and remineralizing solution for 20 hours. All specimens were washed in deionized water between solutions and placed in artificial saliva for 30 minutes at the end of the demineralization and remineralization process. Surface roughness was measured before and after PH cycle. Results: There was no significant difference between groups before PH cycle while at the end of PH cycle, groups showed highly significant difference at p ≤ 0.01. Also, silver diamine fluoride had the lowest mean value for surface roughness followed by varnish group while the maximum increase in surface roughness belonged to the control group of deionized water. Conclusions: Silver diamine fluoride solution was a significantly better than fluoride varnish in preserving surface characteristics of the enamel of primary dentition.
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