Purpose -within the semi-science of the most influential place rankings, a trend is observed that these rankings discriminate places at both extremes of the spectrum which leaves cities such as Riga but also Tokyo and New York unmentioned, time and again. We view the established rankings as having strong biases favouring a narrow group of cities that change places from year to year to fill the top ten of cities. The purpose of this paper is to confront consumer-based city brand index versus population size and discuss the need for city size classes while creating and presenting place brand rankings. Design/methodology/approach -the conclusions of this study were made from confronting the primary data to the secondary. The primary data come from sample frame of 426 respondents from all the Latvian cities depending on weight of their population and were used to create the consumer-based city brand rankings. The secondary data consisted of city size rankings which were used to evaluate the correlation with previously acquired city brand rankings. Findings -this study shows that in general population size does not matter exclusively -in theory every small city can compete with a bigger one in mental maps of human being. In reality this ability is fixed to an average within the certain fluctuation corridor. We found out that in average a city can be 2 times smaller, but at the same time have 3.5 times higher brand index with the total handicap of 5.5 times. It means that in human perception cities are equal opponents only if their size difference is not higher than 4 to 6 times. If this average is exceeded the probability to be an equal opponents is just theoretical. Practical implications -we suggest introducing city classes within 4 -6 size times while measuring and representing consumer-based city brand rankings. It will provide a more objective representation of cognitive data especially if dealing to get representative rankings for cities of different size. Originality/value -the main contribution of this paper are the size VS brand index averages clearly showing correlation between perceives brand value and city size.
Until 2018, there was no legal form in Latvia to regulate businesses that were not aimed at profit making. Therefore, non‐profit oriented organizations were forced to operate in a controversial legal status. The entrepreneur could choose to be a merchant, or to do entrepreneurship through a nongovernmental organization – which is not suitable for entrepreneurship. Local municipalities were also forced to act in a manner like entrepreneurs. In order to give their organizations autonomy, municipalities set up commercial companies that, according to Latvian legislation, were programmed to make profit. This led to a situation where the municipality, which ‘’a priori’’ operates for the benefit of citizens, when establishing a new municipal company must behave like pure merchant whose only aim is profit. In this study, the possibilities of local governments to engage in social entrepreneurship were studied by using triangulation of data obtained by different research methods. The work assesses the possibilities of local governments in Latvia to transform their existing organizations, establish new social enterprises, and entrust social entrepreneurship functions to social enterprises founded by the private sector.
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