Performance monitoring has been used for many years and various fields including sports regardless of whether it is individual sports or team sports in order to evaluate and monitor the athlete's performance. The purpose of this study is to identify the differences of physical fitness performance between individual sports and team sports using multivariate approach. Malaysian Game's junior athlete in age range of 13 to 21 years old were participated in this study. Tests used in this study were divided by two based on fitness component, Health Related Fitness Component and Skill Related Component. Tests that involved were sit and reach, sit up, push up, handgrip, predicted VO2max, medicine ball throw, 20 meter sprint test, vertical jump, stork stand test, standing broad jump, and T test. Multivariate Analysis of Variance method was used to analyse the test's result. The analysis resulting there are some tests shows the significant differences between both individual sport and team sports. From the analysis, can be simplified that there are some physical fitness components that each type of sports excels and required in specification phase in performance monitoring.
Recent developments in sports technology have enabled sports engineers to utilise the availability of inertial measurement units (IMUs) to develop a customised system for data collection during sports performances. Ensuring the reliability of such a system is essential for objective data collection and transmission of information that coaches could rely upon for improving athletes’ techniques and overall performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of a custom-made IMU system (embedded with Arduino Pro Mini) in the evaluation of skateboarding related manoeuvres. A skilful male and experienced amateur skateboarder (23 years, with 5 years skateboarding experience) performed five skateboarding tricks (Ollie, Nollie, Pop Shuvit, Kickflip and Frontside 180) using a customised ORY skateboard (IMUs fused). The skateboarder was permitted to execute two separate tricks (Tests A and B); thereafter, the reliability of the IMUs in recognising the similarity of the tricks was evaluated using a test-retest approach. Six time-domain signals obtained from the IMU system of each trick’s execution were extracted. Statistical analyses, including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Cronbach alpha and correlation coefficients, were utilised to measure the scale’s reliability of the system. The results revealed no significant difference between Tests A and B of each trick p > 0.05, ICC > 0.80, Cronbach alpha > 0.80 and r > 0.80; p-value < 0.001. A relatively lower root means square error and mean absolute error were obtained, further suggesting the effectiveness of the system in detecting the similarities in the movement patterns of the skateboarder during the trick execution. The IMU system appeared to be reliable in measuring skateboarding tricks performances. The present findings could serve as guidelines for testing future, custom-made, IMU devices before the commencement of data collection.
Individual sports and team sports have their own characteristic and require specific fitness level and optimum anthropometry component such as body composition to be fit in the sports. The purpose of this study to differentiate the physical fitness performance based on BMI of individual sport and team sport athletes. A total of 147 Terengganu junior male athletes aged 13 to 21 who are participate in the Malaysian Games participated different types of individual and team sports. BMI was distributed according to World Health Organization (WHO) standard as < 18.5 kg/m2 under-weight, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 normal weight, 25-29.9 kg/m2 over weight and >3 0 kg/m2 obesity. Tests were used in this study is Sit and Reach (flexibility), Sit Up (upper muscle endurance), Maximum Push Up (upper muscular strength), Handgrip (handgrip strength), Predicted VO2max (cardiovascular), Standing Medicine ball Throw (upper body strength), 20 meter Sprint Test (speed), Vertical Jump (leg power), Stork Stand (balance), Standing Broad Jump (leg explosive power), and T test (agility). Result showing all test except sit up test and stork stand test have a significant difference between type of sport and the athlete's respectively BMI class. For summary, each type of sports with representative BMI class have their own specialities in physical fitness performance. More studies are needed to understand the complexity of this topic especially focusing on the recognize the specificity requirement of physical fitness on different type of sport and BMI class.
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