At present time, every nation is absolutely concern about increasing agricultural production and bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. Hence, with this intention in the current study potent natural surfactants characterized as lipopeptides were evaluated for low-cost production by Bacillus subtilis SNW3, previously isolated from the Fimkessar oil field, Chakwal Pakistan. The significant results were obtained by using substrates in combination (white beans powder (6% w/v) + waste frying oil (1.5% w/v) and (0.1% w/v) urea) with lipopeptides yield of about 1.17 g/L contributing 99% reduction in cost required for medium preparation. To the best of our knowledge, no single report is presently describing lipopeptide production by Bacillus subtilis using white beans powder as a culture medium. Additionally, produced lipopeptides display great physicochemical properties of surface tension reduction value (SFT = 28.8 mN/m), significant oil displacement activity (ODA = 4.9 cm), excessive emulsification ability (E24 = 69.8%), and attains critical micelle concentration (CMC) value at 0.58 mg/mL. Furthermore, biosurfactants produced exhibit excellent stability over an extensive range of pH (1–11), salinity (1–8%), temperature (20–121°C), and even after autoclaving. Subsequently, produced lipopeptides are proved suitable for bioremediation of crude oil (86%) and as potent plant growth-promoting agent that significantly (P < 0.05) increase seed germination and plant growth promotion of chili pepper, lettuce, tomato, and pea maximum at a concentration of (0.7 g/100 mL), showed as a potential agent for agriculture and bioremediation processes by lowering economic and environmental stress. Graphical Abstract
Cholesterol is a waxy substance present in all types of the body cells. The presence of higher concentration of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is characterized by abnormal cholesterol level and is associated with cardiovascular diseases which lead to the development of atheroma in arteries known as atherosclerosis. The transformation of cholesterol by bacterial cholesterol oxidase can provide a key solution for the treatment of diseases related to cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives. Previously isolated bacteria from oil-contaminated soil were screened for cholesterol degradation. Among fourteen, five isolates were able to utilize cholesterol. Two strains Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8 using cholesterol as only carbon and energy source were selected for degradation studies. Several parameters (incubation time, substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and different metal ions) for cholesterol decomposition by the selected bacterial strains were evaluated. Maximum cholesterol reduction was achieved on the 5th day of incubation, 1g/L of substrate concentration, pH 7, in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, and at 35°C. Cholesterol degradation was analyzed by enzymatic colorimetric method, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under optimized conditions 50% and 84% cholesterol reduction were recorded with Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8, respectively. Cholesterol oxidase activity was assayed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results revealed that Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8 have great potential for cholesterol degradation and would be regarded as a source for cholesterol oxidase (CHO).
At present time, every nation is absolutely concern about increase agricultural production and bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soil. Hence, with this intention in current study potent natural surfactant (surfactin) was evaluated for low-cost production by Bacillus subtilis SNW3, previously isolated from Fimkessar oil field, Chakwal Pakistan. The best results were obtained using substrates in combination (white beans powder (6% w/v) plus waste frying oil (1.5% w/v) and (0.1% w/v) urea) with surfactin production of about 1.17 g/L contributing 99% reduction in cost required for medium preparation. To the best of our knowledge, no single report is present describing surfactin production by Bacillus subtilis using white beans powder as a culture medium. Surfactin was confirmed as the principal product characterized by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, produced surfactin display great physicochemical properties of surface tension reduction value (SFT=28.8 mN/m), significant oil displacement activity (ODA=4.9 cm), excessive emulsification ability (E24=69.8 %), and attains critical micelle concentration (CMC) value at 0.58 mg/mL. Furthermore, surfactin exhibits excellent stability over an extensive range of pH (1-11), salinity (1-8%), temperature (20-121°C) and even after autoclaving. Subsequently, surfactin produced proved suitable for bioremediation of crude oil (86%) and as potent plant growth-promoting agent that significantly (P<0.05) increase seed germination and plant growth promotion of chili pepper, lettuce, tomato and pea maximum at concentration of (0.7 g/100 mL), proved as potential agent for agriculture and bioremediation processes by lowering economic and environmental stress.
Endophytic fungi are the main source of natural compounds including pigments having various industrial applications. Present study describes the production of extracellular orange-brown pigment from an endophytic fungal isolate Aspergillus sp. N11from Teucrium stocksianum. The optimum conditions for pigment production from this isolate was investigated and results showed that highest yield was observed in Potato dextrose broth, at pH 5 and 30 ℃ under shaking condition at 150 rpm for 7-10 days. The pigment was extracted in ethyl acetate and purified using column chromatography. Three different pigments were purified (yellow, light brown and orange-brown) and characterized based on Thin layer chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of purified fragments showed maximum zone of inhibition of 40 mm against S. aureus while for P. aeruginosa maximum zone of 50 mm and maximum antifungal activity of 20 mm against C. albicans. The antioxidant potential of purified pigment obtained from Aspergillus sp. N11 indicates that maximum scavenging activity of 67%. The results showed that purified pigments are astaxanthins belonging to oxygen containing carotenoids. The purified astaxanthins showed antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities indicating its potential to be utilized in pharmaceutical and food industries.
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