Background and Purpose: The water-swallowing test (WST) is frequently used in clinical practice as a functional assessment to detect aspiration and prevent pneumonia. It is a standardized test used all over the world, but the amount of water given varies depending on the examiner. Furthermore, there are very few reports on the simultaneous performance of the WST and videofluorography (VF). This study compared the amount of swallowed water to investigate the reliability of WST to exclude aspiration following acute stroke. Methods: We assessed 111 stroke patients (65 men and 46 women) with suspected dysphagia/difficulty in swallowing and performed VF upon obtaining consent from the patients and their families. Patients were aged between 20 and 98 years (65.6 ± 13.4 years); 64 had cerebral infarction, 26 cerebral hemorrhage, 13 subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 8 had other cerebrovascular disease. The time from stroke onset to VF was 16.6 ± 10.3 days (range, 2-55). WSTs using 5, 10, 30, and 60 ml and the modified WST (MWST) were performed during VF. Results: We found that the number of instances of choking, cough, wet voice, and aspiration increased with higher amounts of water. The sensitivity and specificity of WST for aspiration ranged from 34.8 to 55.7% and from 78.9 to 93.2%, respectively. The MWST, which used only 3 ml of water, yielded a sensitivity of 55.3% and a specificity of 80.8% for aspiration. There was a positive correlation between the time for one swallow and age, but there was no difference between genders. There was also no connection between clinical findings during WST or the presence of aspiration with the number of swallows, swallowing speed, or time for one swallow. Conclusions: WSTs are not as powerful as VF as a screening instrument in acute stroke. WSTs with more water detected aspiration with greater sensitivity, but there is no justification for overconfidence when investigating aspiration. We recommend using WST as well as VF to investigate swallowing in stroke patients.

BackgroundRobotic devices are expected to be widely used in various applications including support for the independent mobility of the elderly with muscle weakness and people with impaired motor function as well as support for nursing care that involves heavy laborious work. We evaluated the effects of a hybrid assistive limb robot suit on the gait of stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation.MethodsThe study group comprised 16 stroke patients with severe hemiplegia. All patients underwent gait training. Four patients required assistance, and 12 needed supervision while walking. The stride length, walking speed and physiological cost index on wearing the hybrid assistive limb suit and a knee-ankle-foot orthosis were compared.ResultsThe hybrid assistive limb suit increased the stride length and walking speed in 4 of 16 patients. The patients whose walking speed decreased on wearing the hybrid assistive limb suit either had not received sufficient gait training or had an established gait pattern with a knee-ankle-foot orthosis using a quad cane. The physiological cost index increased after wearing the hybrid assistive limb suit in 12 patients, but removal of the suit led to a decrease in the physiological cost index values to equivalent levels prior to the use of the suit.ConclusionsAlthough the hybrid assistive limb suit is not useful for all hemiplegic patients, it may increase the walking speed and affect the walking ability. Further investigation would clarify its indication for the possibility of gait training.

Aim: To examine the efficacy of postural strategy training using a balance exercise assist robot (BEAR) as compared with conventional balance training for frail older adults.Methods: The present study was designed as a cross-over trial without a washout term. A total of 27 communitydwelling frail or prefrail elderly residents (7 men, 20 women; age range 65-85 years) were selected from a volunteer sample. Two exercises were prepared for interventions: robotic exercise moving the center of gravity by the balance exercise assist robot system; and conventional balance training combining muscle-strengthening exercise, postural strategy training and applied motion exercise. Each exercise was carried out twice a week for 6 weeks. Participants were allocated randomly to either the robotic exercise first group or the conventional balance exercise first group. Main outcome measures: preferred and maximal gait speeds, tandem gait speeds, timed up-and-go test, functional reach test, functional base of support, center of pressure, and muscle strength of the lower extremities were assessed before and after completion of each exercise program.Results: Robotic exercise achieved significant improvements for tandem gait speed (P = 0.012), functional reach test (P = 0.002), timed up-and-go test (P = 0.023) and muscle strength of the lower extremities (P = 0.001-0.030) compared with conventional exercise. Conclusions:In frail or prefrail older adults, robotic exercise was more effective for improving dynamic balance and lower extremity muscle strength than conventional exercise. These findings suggest that postural strategy training with the balance exercise assist robot is effective to improve the gait instability and muscle weakness often seen in frail older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; ••: ••-••.

These results show that declines in finger dexterity can reflect declining cognitive function, and that measurement of finger dexterity using our smart terminal device can facilitate screening of large groups for MCI or AD. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 907-914.

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The cube-copying test is useful for routine clinical dementia screening, however the test examines only one aspect of cognitive function. While not an alternative to conventional neuropsychological examinations, quantitatively scored cube copying can provide a rough estimate of cognitive dysfunction in dementia patients.

We reviewed diffusion-weighted images (DWI) from eight patients with subdural and four with epidural empyemas to assess the possibility of differentiating between these lesions by DWI. The signal intensities of the empyemas on DWI, and maps of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were analysed in seven patients. In seven of the eight patients with subdural empyema, the lesions appeared as areas of high signal. The ADC maps confirmed that these areas were the result of restricted diffusion. (In the remaining patient, the lesion showed a mixture of high and low signal.) The epidural empyemas contained areas of low signal in all four patients; part of the empyema was isointense or gave high signal in two. DWI may be an adjunct to conventional sequences for differentiating between subdural and epidural empyemas.