An operational, high-resolution, Regional Australian Multi-Sensor Sea surface temperature Analysis (RAMSSA) system has been developed at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology as part of the BLUElink Ocean Forecasting Australia project. The pre-existing operational, 1/4° resolution, regional sea surface temperature (SST) analysis system has been modified to produce 1/12° resolution, daily SST analyses over the Australian region (20°N-70°S, 60°E-170°W). The new RAMSSA system combines SST data from infrared and microwave sensors on polar-orbiting satellites with in situ measurements to produce daily 'foundation' SST estimates, free of nocturnal cooling and diurnal warming effects. The RAMSSA analyses exhibited significantly less standard deviation than the pre-existing regional SST analyses when compared with independent buoy SST observations for the period 1 October 2007 to 31 March 2008 (0.42 °C compared with 0.55 °C) and agreed closely with those from daily foundation SST analyses produced by the UK Met Office and Ifremer using similar data sources (0.39 °C and 0.49 °C, respectively). The major differences between RAMSSA and these other foundation SST analyses relate to RAMSSA's method for creating super-observations and assigning weights to the various input data streams, and Ifremer and the Met Office analysis systems' bias-correction of all satellite input data using SST data from the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR). The lack of bias-correction of data input into RAMSSA has minimal effect north of 40°S where RAMSSA is on average within ±0.07 °C of other multi-sensor SST analyses. South of 40°S, RAMSSA is on average 0.09 °C to 0.25 °C warmer than bias-corrected analyses studied, mainly due to systematic biases over this region in satellite SST data streams from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) input into the analyses.

The evolution of the Indian Ocean during El Niño–Southern Oscillation is investigated in a 100-yr integration of an Australian Bureau of Meteorology coupled seasonal forecast model. During El Niño, easterly anomalies are induced across the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. These act to suppress the equatorial thermocline to the west and elevate it to the east and initially cool (warm) the sea surface temperature (SST) in the east (west). Subsequently, the entire Indian Ocean basin warms, mainly in response to the reduced latent heat flux and enhanced shortwave radiation that is associated with suppressed rainfall. This evolution can be partially explained by the excitation of an intrinsic coupled mode that involves a feedback between anomalous equatorial easterlies and zonal gradients in SST and rainfall. This positive feedback develops in the boreal summer and autumn seasons when the mean thermocline is shallow in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean in response to trade southeasterlies. This positive feedback diminishes once the climatological surface winds become westerly at the onset of the Australian summer monsoon. ENSO is the leading mechanism that excites this coupled mode, but not all ENSO events are efficient at exciting it. During the typical El Niño (La Niña) event, easterly (westerly) anomalies are not induced until after boreal autumn, which is too late in the annual cycle to instigate strong dynamical coupling. Only those ENSO events that develop early (i.e., before boreal summer) instigate a strong coupled response in the Indian Ocean. The coupled mode can also be initiated in early boreal summer by an equatorward shift of the subtropical ridge in the southern Indian Ocean, which stems from uncoupled extratropical variability.

The Australian marine research, industry, and stakeholder community has recently undertaken an extensive collaborative process to identify the highest national priorities for wind-waves research. This was undertaken under the auspices of the Forum for Operational Oceanography Surface Waves Working Group. The main steps in the process were first, soliciting possible research questions from the community via an online survey; second, reviewing the questions at a face-to-face workshop; and third, online ranking of the research questions by individuals. This process resulted in 15 identified priorities, covering research activities and the development of infrastructure. The top five priorities are 1) enhanced and updated nearshore and coastal bathymetry; 2) improved understanding of extreme sea states; 3) maintain and enhance the in situ buoy network; 4) improved data access and sharing; and 5) ensemble and probabilistic wave modeling and forecasting. In this paper, each of the 15 priorities is discussed in detail, providing insight into why each priority is important, and the current state of the art, both nationally and internationally, where relevant. While this process has been driven by Australian needs, it is likely that the results will be relevant to other marine-focused nations.

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This retrospective study was conducted to explore the effects of anlotinib as first-line treatment for patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 60 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma, admitted to the Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital between August 2018 and December 2019. We calculated and recorded the objective remission rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), adverse reactions, quality of life assessment, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for each group. We applied χ 2 , Mann-Whitney U test, Kaplan-Meier and log-rank statistical methods as appropriate to analyze the data. We found no statistically significant differences in either ORR (17.5 vs. 15%) or DCR (67.5 vs. 65.5%) between the anlotinib and pemetrexed groups (P > 0.05). The adverse reactions graded ≥3 in the anlotinib group were fatigue and diarrhea and they accounted for 5% of all the adverse reactions in the group. The patients in the anlotinib group presented better physical, role, cognitive, emotional, and social functions than those in the pemetrexed group (P < 0.05). The symptoms of fatigue, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite and constipation in the anlotinib group were significantly less frequent than those in the pemetrexed group (P < 0.05). We found similar median PFSs (3.0 vs. 2.8 months) and median OSs (7.0 vs. 7.0 months) in both treatment groups (P > 0.05). The choice of anlotinib as first-line chemotherapy for treating elderly patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma was effective, safe; the treatment was better than other drugs at improving the patients' quality of life. Anti-Cancer Drugs 33: e584-e589