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Oxidative stress is considered as a major risk factor that contributes to increased lipid peroxidation and declined antioxidants in some degenerative diseases. Glycyrrhizin is widely used to cure allergic diseases due to its medicinal properties. In the present study, we evaluated the role of glycyrrhizin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in the blood and nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis (AR) mice. Mice were divided into six groups: normal control mice, model control (MC) mice, three glycyrrhizin-treated mice groups and lycopene-treated mice. Sensitization-associated increase in lipid peroxidation was observed in the blood and nasal mucosa of MC mice. Activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and levels of glutathione (GSH) were found to be significantly decreased in the blood and nasal mucosa in MC mice when compared to normal control mice. However, normalized lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defenses were reported in the glycyrrhizin-treated and lycopene-treated mice. Moreover, glycyrrhizin treatment still enhanced IFN-γ and reduced IL-4 levels in glycyrrhizin-treated mice. These findings demonstrated that glycyrrhizin treatment enhanced the antioxidant status and decreased the incidence of free radical-induced lipid peroxidation and improved immunity activities in the blood and nasal mucosa of AR mice.

Compared with arctic and subarctic catchments, our knowledge about the hydrological functions of glaciers and porous aquifers is still limited for the partly glacierized alpine‐gorge headwaters in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. Here we examine the impact of glacial and groundwater storage on the variability of warm‐season (June to September) discharge from the Hulugou catchment, an alpine‐gorge headwater with 3% glacial coverage, by quantifying the timing and magnitude of contributions of glacier‐snow meltwater, baseflow, and rainwater to streamflow using a three‐component hydrograph separation model. It is found that baseflow was the largest component (55 ± 2%) of warm‐season streamflow while glacier‐snow meltwater also contributed significantly (30 ± 10%) despite of the very low glacial coverage. We suggest that the water flowing out of glaciers was mainly supplied by the melting short‐ and intermediate‐term storages (i.e., snow over glaciers), which led to the high meltwater contribution to streams during the warm season and the high peaks of meltwater discharge following heavy precipitation events. The porous aquifers in piedmont plain may serve as major reservoirs that store a growing body of groundwater during the warm season, which explains the general increasing trend of baseflow contribution during this period. The moraine and talus deposits in high mountains, by contrast, allow groundwater to pass through them quickly and therefore being responsible for the obvious responses of baseflow contribution amount to heavy rainfall events. Our findings suggest that small mountain glaciers and porous aquifers may play a greater role than expected in hydrological regulation in the alpine‐gorge catchments of northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau.

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According to the statistics, 8.3 billion metric tonnes of plastics have been produced since 1950s, which is far more than other synthetic materials and the annual production which are about 500 million tonnes per year at present. The production of plastics makes microplastics pollution extremely widespread distribution, which will have a lasting impact on the global environment, especially on the aquaculture systems. And the distribution of the microplastics is extremely imbalanced around the global waters. In the present review, we have summarized the development of aquaculture in the World and China based on the existing data sources. And the total aquaculture production of the World will over 90 million tonnes, which will exceed the capture production in 2020. Aquaculture products will become one of the most important sources of high-quality protein. However, we found that many kinds of microplastics are detected and enriched in both farmed and captured species. Both endogenous and exogenous factors like the use of fishing plastic products, factory farming facility and equipment, natural and synthetic feed, animal health products, aquaculture fortifier and aquatic food additives make accumulation of microplastics easier. In addition, the safety of aquaculture products is closely related to human health because the residues of microplastics in fish leading to various potential hazards. In summary, this paper reviewed the relationship between microplastics and aquaculture, aimed at calling for the rational and restricted use of plastic products in the aquaculture ecosystems.