A sustainable and green method is presented in this paper
to produce
highly oxidized carbon black using dry ball milling. The mechanical
energy by colliding milling balls is able to easily break and build
chemical bonds providing new oxygenated functional groups. The reaction
is performed in the presence of air and in solvent-free conditions
achieving, for the first time, a high degree of functionalization
comparable to that obtained under harsh conventional conditions. With
different milling times, it is possible to control the degree of oxidation.
The procedure is environmentally friendly, respecting important green
metrics, no solvent or additional reagent is required, and the product
can be collected without any assistance from a solvent.
The ability of charcoal, a low-cost material derived from biomass pyrolysis, to be functionalized via cation exchange in an aqueous solution, providing new interesting fillers with possible antimicrobial and flame-retardant properties, is discussed here. The adducts obtained through this sustainable procedure, show a significant uptake of close to 30% by weight of well-known quaternary phosphonium salts, tetraphenyl phosphonium bromide, and dodecyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide. The new functionalized materials were characterized by elemental analysis, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. Additionally, a study of changing the ratio between the reagents for both adducts was performed to improve salt uptake and optimize the cationic exchange. Dispersibility tests showed the ability of functionalization to deeply change the polarities of the carbon materials to modify the compatibility and improve the possible interactions with different media, such as different polymer matrices.
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