Global collaborative networks have been established in multiple fields to move beyond research that over-relies on “WEIRD” participants and to consider central questions from cross-cultural and epistemological perspectives. As researchers in music and the social sciences with experience building and sustaining such networks, we participated in a virtual symposium on February 7, 2021. to exchange knowledge, ideas, and recommendations, with an emphasis on developing global networks to investigate human music-making. We present 14 key take-home recommendations, particularly regarding 1) enhancing representation of researchers and research participants, 2) minimizing logistical challenges, 3) ensuring meaningful, reproducible comparisons, and 4) incentivizing sustainable collaboration and shared research practices that circumvent research hierarchies. Two overarching conclusions are that sustainable global collaborations should attempt shared research practices including diverse stake-holders, and that we should fundamentally re-evaluate the nature of research credit attribution.
Speech and music have structured rhythms, but these rhythms are rarely compared empirically. This study, based on large corpora, quantitatively characterizes and compares a major acoustic correlate of spoken and musical rhythms, the slow (0.25-32 Hz) temporal modulations in sound intensity. We show that the speech modulation spectrum is highly consistent cross 9 languages (including languages with typologically different rhythmic characteristics, such as English, French, and Mandarin Chinese). A different, but similarly consistent modulation spectrum is observed for Western classical music played by 6 different instruments. Western music, including classical music played by single instruments, symphonic, jazz, and rock music, contains more energy than speech in the low modulation frequency range below 4 Hz. The temporal modulations of speech and music show broad but well-separated peaks around 5 and 2 Hz, respectively. These differences in temporal modulations alone, without any spectral details, can discriminate speech and music with high accuracy. Speech and music therefore show distinct and reliable statistical regularities in their temporal modulations that likely facilitate their perceptual analysis and its neural foundations. Significance StatementSpeech and music are both rhythmic. This study quantifies and compares the acoustic rhythms of speech and music. A large corpus analysis is applied to speech across languages and to music across genres, including both classical music played by single instruments and ensemble music such as symphonic music, rock music and jazz. The analysis reveals consistent rhythmic properties within the category of speech and within the category of music, but clear distinctions between the two, highlighting potentially universal differences between these fundamental domains of auditory experience. IntroductionRhythmic structure is a fundamental feature of both speech and music. Both domains involve sequences of events (such as syllables, notes, or drum sounds) which have systematic patterns of timing, accent, and grouping (1). A primary acoustic correlate of perceived rhythm is the slow temporal modulation structure of sound, i.e. how sound intensity fluctuates over time (Fig. 1). For speech, temporal modulations below 16 Hz are related to the syllabic rhythm (2) and underpin speech intelligibility (3-5). For music, slow temporal modulations are related to the onsets and offsets of notes (or runs of notes in quick succession), which support perceptual phenomena such as beat, meter, and grouping (1,(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Recently, a number of studies have investigated the neural activation patterns associated with the temporal modulations in the human brain and assessed their relevance to speech and music perception (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20).
Glory lily (Gloriosa superb L.) is an herbaceous perennial climber belonging to the family Liliaceae. Its tuber and seeds contain an alkaloids viz., cochicine and colchicoside; among which colchicine act as an anti-mitotic agent used for inhibiting mitotic cell division. The variability of genetic stocks could be increased by increasing the collection from diversified origin and geographical distribution. The phenotypic and genotypic variances, estimated from the total variance were used to assess the variability among the genotypes. The genotypic coefficient of variance helps to measure the range of diversity in a character and provides the means to compare genetic variability in quantitative characters. The genotypic coefficient of variance along with phenotypic coefficient of variation was used to ascertain the value of diversity among the genotypes. The variability study revealed that higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were recorded for fresh seed yield per plant, dry seed yield per plant and fresh pod yield per plant. The higher estimates of heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean were obtained for number of leaves, fresh pod yield and fresh seed yield. Thus, selection for these traits is likely to accumulate more additive genes leading to further improvement in their performance. In context to the associations between characters; positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations of dry seed yield were found with plant height, days to 50% flowering, number of flowers per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, fresh pod yield per plant and fresh seed yield per plant. These correlated yield components suggested that it may be good selection criteria to improve seed yield of this crop. The traits viz., total sugar, mean leaf area, leaf area index and relative water content exhibited negatively and non-significantly correlation with dry seed yield per plant both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Fresh seed yield per plant had highest positive effect on seed yield followed by number of pods per plant and fresh seed weight per pod. These yield components suggested that it may be good selection criteria to improve seed yield of glory lily crop. Gloriosa superba usually multiply by corm and seeds but due to low germination capability it restricts for the regeneration. Therefore, in order to safeguard and preserve this important plant biotechnological approach would be very useful. Different workers suggested different protocols for in vitro regeneration of plant. Now a day's molecular diversity also play a vital role in crop improvement programme. RAPD and SSR markers were frequently used to identify molecular diversity in this crop.
In the speech-to-song illusion certain spoken phrases are perceived as sung after repetition. Prior work has established that perception of the illusion is not limited to specialist listeners, such as individuals with musical training, but is perceived widely across the general population. However, little is known about whether there are stable individual differences in perception of the illusion, and if so, what factors underlie this variability. Here we assessed the strength of the song illusion across individuals using phrases that tend to be perceived as song when repeated, as well as phrases that continue to be perceived as speech when repeated, measuring the strength of the illusion as the rating difference between these two stimulus categories after repetition. Illusion strength varied widely, with differences in perception of the two categories ranging from 0% to 80% of the rating scale. Although variability in illusion strength was unrelated to degree of musical training, participants who perceived the illusion more strongly were proficient in several musical skills, including beat perception, tonality perception, and selective attention to pitch. This finding supports theoretical models of the speech-to-song illusion in which experience of the illusion is based on detection of musical characteristics latent in spoken phrases.
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