Shigella sonnei is the emerging pathogen globally, as it is the second common infectious species of shigellosis (bloody diarrhoea) in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the leading one in developed world. The multifactorial processes and novel mechanisms have been identified in S. sonnei, that are collectively playing apart a substantial role in increasing its prevalence, while replacing the S. flexneri and other Gram-negative gut pathogens niche occupancy. Recently, studies suggest that due to improvement in sanitation S. sonnei has reduced cross-immunization from Plesiomonas shigelliodes (having same O-antigen as S. sonnei) and also found to outcompete the two major species of Enterobacteriaceae family (Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli), due to encoding of type VI secretion system (T6SS). This review aimed to highlight S. sonnei as an emerging pathogen in the light of recent research with pondering aspects on its epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenic mechanisms. Additionally, this paper aimed to review S. sonnei disease pattern and related complications, symptoms, and laboratory diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, the available treatment reigns and antibiotic-resistance patterns of S. sonnei are also discussed, as the ciprofloxacin and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei has already intensified the global spread and burden of antimicrobial resistance. In last, prevention and controlling strategies are briefed to limit and tackle S. sonnei and possible future areas are also explored that needed more research to unravel the hidden mysteries surrounding S. sonnei.
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major leading problem and an issue for medical science in this era. Despite of being successful in treating bacterial infections and developing novel antibiotics, we are unfortunately going back to pre-antibiotic era. ESBLs, Cabapenemases and MCR-1 genes are the predisposing factors together in emerging the resistance. Horizontal gene transfer makes it favorable to spread resistance mechanisms at much faster rate. Antimicrobial resistance is taken as a more significant issue, when it comes towards the resistance of bacterial strains towards our lost-resort antibiotic i.e. Colistin. Polymyxin E or colistin is an effective therapy against multidrug resistant pathogens i.e. ESKAPE. But, the discovery of MCR-1 gene has led to medical science to hands off at present. This mini-review aims to give a glance on MCR-1 gene mechanism of resistance in Escherichia coli and also plasmid profile and phenotypic characteristics of wildlife strains in continents, conferring resistance to colistin. As the global transmission of resistance has accounted the wild life as one of the major culprit.
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