Shigella sonnei: virulence and antibiotic resistance

Abstract

Shigella sonnei is the emerging pathogen globally, as it is the second common infectious species of shigellosis (bloody diarrhoea) in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the leading one in developed world. The multifactorial processes and novel mechanisms have been identified in S. sonnei, that are collectively playing apart a substantial role in increasing its prevalence, while replacing the S. flexneri and other Gram-negative gut pathogens niche occupancy. Recently, studies suggest that due to improvement in sanitation S. sonnei has reduced cross-immunization from Plesiomonas shigelliodes (having same O-antigen as S. sonnei) and also found to outcompete the two major species of Enterobacteriaceae family (Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli), due to encoding of type VI secretion system (T6SS). This review aimed to highlight S. sonnei as an emerging pathogen in the light of recent research with pondering aspects on its epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenic mechanisms. Additionally, this paper aimed to review S. sonnei disease pattern and related complications, symptoms, and laboratory diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, the available treatment reigns and antibiotic-resistance patterns of S. sonnei are also discussed, as the ciprofloxacin and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei has already intensified the global spread and burden of antimicrobial resistance. In last, prevention and controlling strategies are briefed to limit and tackle S. sonnei and possible future areas are also explored that needed more research to unravel the hidden mysteries surrounding S. sonnei.

Multidrug-Resistant Shigellosis among Children Aged below Five Years with Diarrhea at Banadir Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia

“…Epidemiologically, Shigella serogroups show geographical stratification based on the economic and development status of a country, as well as the virulence of a given serogroup. Contrary to the developed world, Shigella flexneri is most predominant in developing countries where people are likely to have acquired immunity to S. sonnei following frequent exposure to Plesiomonas shigelloides in faecally contaminated water [24]. e emergence and global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains continue to pose serious public health problems and complicate the selection of appropriate empirical therapy [25].…”

Proteome based mapping and molecular docking revealed DnaA as a potential drug target against Shigella sonnei

“…About 10 lac cases of shigellosis arise every year in highly industrialized countries, where infants in crowded rooms and childcare centers, soldiers in the field, and people traveling to endemic countries are at a high risk of developing this disease ( Pires et al, 2015 , Porter et al, 2017 ). Shigella sonnei prevails as a major source of this infection in high-income countries ( Shad & Shad, 2021 ). S. sonnie , for example, has played a substantial role in foodborne outbreaks in both the Canada and the United States, emphasizing the importance of food as a source of infection ( Kimura et al, 2004 ).…”

Dissecting in Vitro the Activation of Human Immune Response Induced by Shigella sonnei GMMA

“…Shigella is a Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and based on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen structure it is possible to distinguish different bacterial serotypes (Shad and Shad, 2021). Some of these serotypes contribute to the global burden of shigellosis (Liu et al, 2008;Rossi et al, 2014).…”

“…Some of these serotypes contribute to the global burden of shigellosis (Liu et al, 2008;Rossi et al, 2014). This infection represents a major global health problem, especially in children of developing countries (Kotloff et al, 2013;Kotloff, 2017), where it causes approximately 200,000 deaths per year (Lozano et al, 2012;Khalil et al, 2018;Shad and Shad, 2021). In addition to this, an increase of multi-drug resistance in different Shigella serotypes has been observed in the last decade (Klontz and Singh, 2015;Puzari et al, 2018).…”